Chapter 2: Cell Biology (Biological Molecules) Flashcards
dehydration/synthesis reaction (2)
- a reaction that builds polymers
- components of water are removed
hydrolysis reaction (2)
- a reaction that degrades polymers
- water components are added
carbohydrate structure
only oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen; H-C-OH
lipid structure
glycerol and 3 fatty acids= fat molecule and 3 water molecules (in dehydration reaction)
protein structure (be able to identify the amino group and carboxylic acid group)
polymers composed of amino acid monomers, an amino acid has a central carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom and three functional groups: amino group (–NH2), acid group (–COOH) and an R group which determines the uniqueness of each amino acid
nucleic acid structure
made up of nucleotides containing a phosphate, pentose sugar, and a nitrogen-containing base
empirical formula of a carbohydrate
Cm(H2O)m
monosaccharide definition
chemical formula
provide 3 examples and sources
carbohydrate with 3-7 carbon atoms, chemical formula is C6H12O6
- Glucose: provides immediate energy; present in our blood
- Fructose: found in fruit
- Galactose: found in milk
disaccharide
2 monosaccharides joined by synthesis
polysaccharides
long polymers that contain many glucose subunits
starch (3)
- identify what kind of sugar it is and found where
- relationship to glucose
- function in plants
- polysaccharide found in flour and potatoes
- large storage format of glucose
- stores energy from photosynthesis in plants
list the main function of carbohydrates (3)
- Provide immediate fuel for the body
- Plays a structural role in some plants, bacteria, insects, etc
- Carbohydrates on the exterior of cells play a role in cell to cell recognition
compare and contrast saturated and unsaturated fats in terms of molecular structure (3)
- Unsaturated fatty acids contain double bonds between carbon atoms, while saturated fatty acids have no double covalent bonds between carbon atoms
- Both are made of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms.
- Saturated fats are saturated with hydrogen atoms and that makes it solid at room temperature, while unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature
cellulose (4)
- polysaccharide found in plant cell walls
- alternating orientation of oxygen molecule makes cellulose indigestible to humans
- helps us poop
- prevents colon cancer
glycogen
-identify what type of sugar it is and give definition
polysaccharide that is the stored form of glucose found in the liver
neutral fats
-function (2)
store energy and provide heat insulation within the body especially around organs
steroid (2)
- component of cell membranes and signals other molecules
- secreted by testes, ovaries, and adrenal cortex
phospholipids
- define it
- describe structure
- a primary component in cellular membranes that separate the inside and outside of a cell
- polar head made of glycerol and phosphate with 2 non-polar hydrophobic tails
primary structure of protein
a linear sequence of amino acids joined by polypeptide bonds
secondary structure of protein
coiled primary structure that results in an alpha helix structure with H bonds between amino acids OR a folded primary structure that results in a 𝛃 pleated sheet similar to a handheld fan
tertiary structure of protein
globular twisted shape caused by covalent bonds (usually disulfide bonds) between R groups that make polypeptides fold and twist
quaternary structure of protein
2 or more polypeptides joined together to make a protein; cube-ish
major functions of protein (3)
- keratin: a protein present in hair, nails, and collagen that supports ligaments, tendons, and skin
- enzymes: proteins that speeds up chemical reactions; some transport molecules in blood
- actin and myosin: moves cells and contract muscles
how does the general structure of the ATP molecule relate to its role as the “energy currency” of cells
The energy from ATP molecules is stored in the chemical bonds between phosphates.
