Chapter 2: Cell Biology (Biological Molecules)

Question 1

dehydration/synthesis reaction (2)

Answer 1

• a reaction that builds polymers

- components of water are removed

Question 2

hydrolysis reaction (2)

Answer 2

• a reaction that degrades polymers

- water components are added

Question 3

carbohydrate structure

Answer 3

only oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen; H-C-OH

Question 4

lipid structure

Answer 4

glycerol and 3 fatty acids= fat molecule and 3 water molecules (in dehydration reaction)

Question 5

protein structure (be able to identify the amino group and carboxylic acid group)

Answer 5

polymers composed of amino acid monomers, an amino acid has a central carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom and three functional groups: amino group (–NH2), acid group (–COOH) and an R group which determines the uniqueness of each amino acid

Question 6

nucleic acid structure

Answer 6

made up of nucleotides containing a phosphate, pentose sugar, and a nitrogen-containing base

Question 7

empirical formula of a carbohydrate

Answer 7

Cm(H2O)m

Question 8

monosaccharide definition
chemical formula
provide 3 examples and sources

Answer 8

carbohydrate with 3-7 carbon atoms, chemical formula is C6H12O6

• Glucose: provides immediate energy; present in our blood
• Fructose: found in fruit
• Galactose: found in milk

Question 9

disaccharide

Answer 9

2 monosaccharides joined by synthesis

Question 10

polysaccharides

Answer 10

long polymers that contain many glucose subunits

Question 11

starch (3)

• identify what kind of sugar it is and found where
• relationship to glucose
• function in plants

Answer 11

• polysaccharide found in flour and potatoes
• large storage format of glucose
• stores energy from photosynthesis in plants

Question 12

list the main function of carbohydrates (3)

Answer 12

• Provide immediate fuel for the body
• Plays a structural role in some plants, bacteria, insects, etc
• Carbohydrates on the exterior of cells play a role in cell to cell recognition

Question 13

compare and contrast saturated and unsaturated fats in terms of molecular structure (3)

Answer 13

• Unsaturated fatty acids contain double bonds between carbon atoms, while saturated fatty acids have no double covalent bonds between carbon atoms
• Both are made of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms.
• Saturated fats are saturated with hydrogen atoms and that makes it solid at room temperature, while unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature

Question 14

cellulose (4)

Answer 14

• polysaccharide found in plant cell walls
• alternating orientation of oxygen molecule makes cellulose indigestible to humans
• helps us poop
• prevents colon cancer

Question 15

glycogen

-identify what type of sugar it is and give definition

Answer 15

polysaccharide that is the stored form of glucose found in the liver

Question 16

neutral fats

-function (2)

Answer 16

store energy and provide heat insulation within the body especially around organs

Question 17

steroid (2)

Answer 17

• component of cell membranes and signals other molecules

- secreted by testes, ovaries, and adrenal cortex

Question 18

phospholipids

• define it
• describe structure

Answer 18

• a primary component in cellular membranes that separate the inside and outside of a cell
• polar head made of glycerol and phosphate with 2 non-polar hydrophobic tails

Question 19

primary structure of protein

Answer 19

a linear sequence of amino acids joined by polypeptide bonds

Question 20

secondary structure of protein

Answer 20

coiled primary structure that results in an alpha helix structure with H bonds between amino acids OR a folded primary structure that results in a 𝛃 pleated sheet similar to a handheld fan

Question 21

tertiary structure of protein

Answer 21

globular twisted shape caused by covalent bonds (usually disulfide bonds) between R groups that make polypeptides fold and twist

Question 22

quaternary structure of protein

Answer 22

2 or more polypeptides joined together to make a protein; cube-ish

Question 23

major functions of protein (3)

Answer 23

• keratin: a protein present in hair, nails, and collagen that supports ligaments, tendons, and skin
• enzymes: proteins that speeds up chemical reactions; some transport molecules in blood
• actin and myosin: moves cells and contract muscles

Question 24

how does the general structure of the ATP molecule relate to its role as the “energy currency” of cells

Answer 24

The energy from ATP molecules is stored in the chemical bonds between phosphates.