Chapter 10: Human Biology (Circulatory System-Heart Structure and Function)

Question 1

left and right atria

Answer 1

2 upper heart chambers that blood goes through

Question 2

left and right ventricles

• definition
• where does each pump blood to?

Answer 2

• 2 lower heart chambers that receive blood from the atria
• the left ventricle pumps blood to the body
• the right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs

Question 3

coronary arteries and veins

Answer 3

serve the heart and lie on the heart’s exterior

Question 4

anterior and posterior vena cava (2)

Answer 4

• largest veins in the human body

- return blood back to the heart

Question 5

aorta (2)

Answer 5

• largest artery

- pumps blood to the body

Question 6

pulmonary arteries

• how many
• connect what to what?

Answer 6

2 arteries that connect the pulmonary trunk and the lungs

Question 7

pulmonary veins

• how many
• connect what to what?

Answer 7

4 veins that connect the lungs and the left atrium

Question 8

pulmonary trunk

Answer 8

connect the right ventricle and the pulmonary arteries

Question 9

atrioventricular valves

• definition
• where does each valve lie?

Answer 9

2 valves (tricuspid and bicuspid) that prevent the backflow of blood between atria and ventricles:

• tricuspid valve lies between right atrium and right ventricle
• bicuspid valve lies between the left atrium and left ventricle.

Question 10

chordae tendineae

Answer 10

connective tissue that support the AV valve and prevent them from inverting

Question 11

semilunar valves

• definition
• where does each valve lie?

Answer 11

2 valves that prevent the backflow of blood between the ventricles and what follows them:

• pulmonary semilunar valve is found between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
• aortic semilunar valve is between the left ventricle and aorta

Question 12

septum

Answer 12

“wall” that separates the left and right of the heart

Question 13

SA node

• location
• function

Answer 13

• located on the upper dorsal wall of the right atrium

- tissue that starts the heartbeat and sends an excitation response that causes the atria to contract

Question 14

AV node

• location
• function

Answer 14

• located on the lower dorsal wall of the right atrium
• tissue that receives SA waves, waits for atria to finish contraction, then makes ventricles begin contraction by sending signals through the AV bundle

Question 15

Purkinje fibres

• location
• function

Answer 15

• located in the lower walls of the ventricles

- receives signals from the AV bundle and causes ventricular contraction

Question 16

using the following keywords, explain the autonomic regulation of heartbeat by the nervous system: medulla oblongata, parasympathetic division, sympathetic division, and adrenal medulla

Answer 16

• medulla oblongata is the section of the brain that influences heart rate, it contains two divisions: the parasympathetic division and the sympathetic division
• parasympathetic division decreases nodal activity and therefore heart rate when body is inactive
• sympathetic division does the opposite when active
• adrenal medulla releases the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine to stimulate the heart when we are scared, stressed, nervous, etc

Question 17

hypertension

Answer 17

medical condition characterized by long term high blood pressure commonly due to genetics or unhealthy lifestyles

Question 18

hypotension

Answer 18

medical condition characterized by low blood pressure that can be due to a variety of things: anemia, exercise, hormonal changes, or medicine

Question 19

demonstrate measurement of blood

Answer 19

• blood pressure is measured in mmHg (millimetres of mercury)
• using a blood pressure monitor, place the cuff on your bare left bicep, make sure your clothing does not interfere with the reading
• sit straight with your feet on the floor and rest your forearm on the table with the palm of your hand facing up
• start the machine and wait, if the cuff is too tight to bear, turn off the machine, adjust the cuff, and start again after waiting a few minutes

Question 20

systolic pressure

Answer 20

blood pressure measurement taken during ventricular contractions

Question 21

diastolic pressure

Answer 21

blood pressure measurement taken between heart beat