Chapter 10: Human Biology (Circulatory System-Circulation and Blood)

Question 1

arteries

Answer 1

The thickest blood vessels in the human body. Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart. The innermost wall layer is endothelium. The middle layer is the thickest and consists of smooth muscle that contracts to regulate blood flow and blood pressure. The outer layer is fibrous connective tissue near the middle layer, but it becomes loose connective tissue at its periphery.

Question 2

arterioles

Answer 2

Smaller arteries that connect arteries to capillaries. The inner layer is endothelium and the middle layer is some elastic tissue but mostly smooth muscle with fibers that encircle the arteriole.

Question 3

veins

Answer 3

Blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood toward the heart. The innermost wall layer is endothelium. The middle layer is the thickest and consists of smooth muscle. The outer layer is fibrous connective tissue near the middle layer, but it becomes loose connective tissue at its periphery. These are the same walls as the arteries however the vein walls contain less smooth muscle and connective tissue. Therefore, the wall of a vein is thinner than that of an artery.

Question 4

venules

Answer 4

Smaller veins that connect capillaries to veins. The innermost wall layer is endothelium. The middle layer is the thickest and consists of smooth muscle. The outer layer is fibrous connective tissue near the middle layer, but it becomes loose connective tissue at its periphery. These are the same walls as the arteries however the venule walls contain less smooth muscle and connective tissue. Therefore, the wall of a venule are thinner.

Question 5

capillaries

Answer 5

Thin blood vessels that permit the exchange of materials with the tissues and connect arterioles to venules. Walls are made of one cell thick endothelium.

Question 6

subclavian arteries and veins

Answer 6

Veins: drain blood from the upper extremities allowing blood to return to heart
Arteries: receive blood from the aorta and supplies blood to the head and arms

Question 7

jugular veins

Answer 7

Connect to the superior vena cava and nourishes the head

Question 8

carotid arteries

Answer 8

Connects to the aorta and serves the head and arms

Question 9

mesenteric arteries

Answer 9

Serves the digestive tract and connects to the aorta and hepatic portal vein

Question 10

anterior and posterior vena cava

Answer 10

The largest veins in the human body. Carries O2 low blood back to the heart. The anterior vena cava connects the jugular vein to the right atrium. The posterior vena cava connects the common iliac vein to the right atrium.

Question 11

pulmonary veins and arteries

Answer 11

Veins: 4 blood vessels that carry O2 rich blood back to the heart. Connect the lungs and left atrium.
Arteries: 2 blood vessels that carry O2 lowblood to the lungs. Connect the the pulmonary trunk to the lungs.

Question 12

hepatic vein

Answer 12

Serves the liver and connects the hepatic portal vein to the inferior vena cava

Question 13

hepatic portal vein

Answer 13

Carries blood to a set of capillaries in the liver where it monitors the blood’s composition. Connects the mesenteric arteries to the hepatic vein.

Question 14

renal arteries and veins

Answer 14

Arteries: Serves the kidneys and connects the aorta to the renal veins
Veins: connects to the renal artery and inferior vena cava

Question 15

iliac arteries and veins

Answer 15

Serve the lower extremities (listed as trunk and legs)

Question 16

coronary arteries and veins

Answer 16

Serves the heart and lies on its surface

Question 17

aorta

Answer 17

The largest artery in the body. Pumps blood to the body.

Question 18

name some key elements to remember when doing a dissection

Answer 18

• sterilize work environment before and after
• make incisions away from the your body
• listen to your instructor
• do not attempt to catch falling sharp materials
• wear gloves, goggles, aprons, etc
• wash hands before and after

Question 19

pulmonary circuit

Answer 19

Takes O2 poor blood to the pulmonary capillaries so gas exchange can occur and the blood will become O2 rich again.

Question 20

systemic circuit

Answer 20

Carries O2 rich blood from the heart to the tissues to serve their needs.

Question 21

Explain what makes the fetal system different using the following key words: foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus, placenta, umbilical vein, ductus venosus, umbilical arteries

Answer 21

The fetus does not use its lungs for gas exchange. Thus, the fetal circulatory system has a few unique features.
The foramen ovale shunts blood from the right atrium into the left atrium.
The ductus arteriosus shunts blood from the pulmonary trunk into the aorta.
The placenta exchanges gasses and nutrients between maternal blood and fetal blood.
The umbilical vein carries blood rich in nutrients and oxygen to the fetus.
The ductus venosus connects the umbilical vein with the inferior vena cava, which returns the blood to the fetal heart.
The umbilical arteries take fetal blood to the placenta.

Question 22

state the full path of a blood cell through the body starting from the aorta and ending back at the aorta (20)

Answer 22

aorta→common iliac artery→femoral artery→leg capillaries→femoral vein→common iliac vein→inferior/posterior vena cava→right atrium→tricuspid valve→right ventricle→pulmonary semilunar valve→pulmonary trunk→2 pulmonary arteries→lungs→4 pulmonary veins→left atrium→bicuspid valve→left ventricle→aortic semilunar valve→ aorta

Question 23

components of plasma function and source: water

Answer 23

• 90-92% of plasma
• maintains blood volume; transports molecules
• absorbed from intestine

Question 24

components of plasma function and source: plasma proteins (including albumin, antibodies, and fibrinogen)

Answer 24

• 7-8% of plasma
• maintains blood osmotic pressure and pH
• maintains blood volume and pressure, transport (source: liver)
• fight infection (source B lympocytes)
• clotting (source: liver)

Question 25

components of plasma function and source: salts

Answer 25

• less than 1% of plasma
• maintains blood osmotic pressure and pH; aids metabolism
• absorbed from intestine

Question 26

components of plasma function and source: gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide)

Answer 26

• oxygen: cellular respiration; source: lungs

- carbon dioxide: end product of metabolism; source: tissues

Question 27

components of plasma function and source: nutrients (lipids, glucose, amino acids)

Answer 27

• food for cells

- absorbed from intestines

Question 28

components of plasma function and source: nitrogenous wastes

Answer 28

• excretion by kidneys

- liver

Question 29

components of plasma function and source: other

Answer 29

• aid metabolilsm

- varied

Question 30

lymph capillaries

Answer 30

tiny, closed-ended vessels whose walls consist of squamous epithelium; absorb excess tissue fluid called lymph and capillaries eventually join to form lymphatic vessels; most places are richly supplied with lymph capillaries and movement of lymph is largely dependent on skeletal muscle contraction

Question 31

lymph veins/vessels

Answer 31

form a one-way system that begins with lymphatic capillaries

Question 32

lymph nodes

Answer 32

small ovoid structure occurring along lymphatic vessels, through which the lymph must pass; connective tissue divides the nodes into nodules, each packed with B and T cells and a sinus. As lymph courses through sinuses, resident macrophages engulf pathogens as well as any debris present in lymph

Question 33

red blood cells

Answer 33

Red Blood Cells (RBC) are continuously made in red bone marrow of the skull, ribs, vertebrae, and at the end of long bones. Mature RBC do not have a nucleus and are biconcave disks. This shape increases flexibility for moving through capillary beds and their surface area for diffusion of gases. RBC carry oxygen because they contain hemoglobin. The iron containing portion of hemoglobin acquires oxygen in the lungs and gives it up in the tissues.

Question 34

white blood cells

Answer 34

White Blood Cells (WBC) are usually larger than RBC, have a nucleus, lack hemoglobin, and appear translucent without staining. On the basis of structure, WBC can be split into granular leukocytes and agranular leukocytes (mononuclear cells). WBC generally fight infection and play a role in development of immunity, the ability to resist disease. Granular leukocytes (neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils) are filled with spheres that contain enzymes and proteins to help WBC defend the body against microbes. Agranular leukocytes (monocytes and lymphocytes) typically have kidney-shaped or spherical nucleus. Most white blood cells are produced in bone marrow. T and B cells (lymphocytes), are also produced in the lymph nodes and spleen, and T cells are produced and mature in the thymus gland.

Question 35

platelets

Answer 35

Platelets result from fragmentation of larger cells called megakaryocytes in the red bone marrow. Platelets are involved in the process of blood clotting or coagulation. Platelets clump up at the site of puncture and partially seal the leak. Platelets and damaged tissue release prothrombin activator. This activator will stimulate substances that will help finish blood clotting.

Question 36

explain how to use a compound microscope (4) and state precautions (6)

Answer 36

(1) Place the microscope on a flat surface
(2) Low power lens should be in place
(3) Use course-adjustment knob to lower low-power objective until lens is about 1 cm from the stage
(4) look through the eyepiece and adjust diaphragm until view is as bright as possible
Precautions:
- always carry a microscope with one hand on the arm and one hand on the base
- don’t touch lens surface with fingers, only use lens tissue to clean lens
- always use course focussing knob to focus first with low power lens in position
- do not play with knobs until you are ready to focus
- do not use course adjustment knob with medium or high power lens in position
- cover microscope when not in use

Question 37

antigens

Answer 37

molecules that stimulate an adaptive immune response

Question 38

antibodies

Answer 38

combine with antigens to create an immune complex where they are usually neutralized or marked for removal

Question 39

describe the capillary-tissue fluid exchange at the arterial end of the capillary

Answer 39

• blood pressure is higher than the osmotic pressure; therefore, water tends to leave the bloodstream as net pressure is pushing out

Question 40

describe the capillary-tissue fluid exchange at the middle of the capillary (3)

Answer 40

• molecules, including oxygen and carbon dioxide, follow their concentration gradients as there is no net pressure
• nutrients (glucose and amino acids) and oxygen diffuse out of the capillary
• wastes (carbon dioxide) diffuse into the capillary

Question 41

describe the capillary-tissue fluid exchange at the venous end of the capillary (2)

Answer 41

• osmotic pressure is higher than the blood pressure; therefore, water tends to enter the bloodstream as net pressure if pushing in
• notice that RBC and the plasma protein are too large to exit the capillary

Question 42

what created osmotic pressure (2)

Answer 42

• salts

- plasma protein