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Biology 12 Final > Chapter 14: Human Biology (Reproductive System) > Flashcards

Chapter 14: Human Biology (Reproductive System) Flashcards

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1
Q

testes

- produces two things

A

produce sperm and sex hormones

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2
Q

seminiferous tubules

- explain the shape, location, and what is produced in it

A

long, coiled tubes in testes where sperm is produced

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3
Q

interstitial cells

A

cells that secrete androgens (ex: testosterone)

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4
Q

epididymis

A

ducts where sperm mature and are stored

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5
Q

ductus (vas) deferens

A

conducts and also stores sperm

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6
Q

prostate gland

A

contributes basic fluid to sperm

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7
Q

Cowper’s glands

A

contributes viscous fluid to semen

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8
Q

seminal vesicles

A

contributes nutrients and fluid to semen

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9
Q

penis

A

organ of sexual intercourse

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10
Q

urethra

A

conducts sperm

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11
Q

what is the path of sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the urethral opening (6)

A

seminiferous tubules→testes→epididymis→vas deferens→ejaculatory duct→urethra

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12
Q

functions of seminal fluid (3)

A
  • seminal vesicles provide fructose that give energy towards the swimming sperm
  • the prostate gland provides HCO3- (bicarbonate) which gives seminal fluid a basic solution for sperm, this is the ideal pH
  • the Cowper’s gland provides white mucousy fluid that lubricates the penis and facilitates sexual penetration
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13
Q

what are the parts and functions of a mature sperm cell (4)

A
  • tail: moves the sperm
  • midpiece: contains mitochondria for cellular respiration and ATP production for movement
  • head: contains nucleus (holds father’s DNA as 23 chromosomes)
  • acrosome: cap that covers the nucleus and stores enzymes needed to penetrate egg
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14
Q

functions of testosterone (2)

A
  • essential to human development and the proper function of male reproductive organs
  • brings about and maintains male sex characteristics such as height, broad shoulders, deep voices, prominent Adam apples, and hairy bodies
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15
Q

how does the endocrine system control testosterone levels (4)

A
  • hypothalamus secretes Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) to stimulate the anterior pituitary
  • anterior pituitary produces follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
  • LH stimulates the testes to produce testosterone
  • inhibin from the seminiferous tubules exerts negative feedback on the hypothalamus to regulate testosterone blood levels.
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16
Q

ovaries

A

produces oocyte and sex hormones

17
Q

ovary follicles

A

ovary structure that contains and produces oocyte

18
Q

corpus luteum

A

glandlike ovarian structure that produces progesterone

19
Q

oviducts

A

conducts oocyte; location of fertilization; transports the early zygote

20
Q

fallopian tubes

A

pair of tubes along which eggs travel from the ovaries to the uterus

21
Q

uterus

A

houses the developing fetus

22
Q

cervix

A

contains the opening to the uterus

23
Q

vagina

- 3 functions

A
  • receives the penis during sexual intercourse
  • serves as the birth canal
  • serves as exit for menstrual flow
24
Q

clitoris

A

sexual arousal organ in females

25
Q

functions of estrogen (3)

A
  • brings about and maintains the secondary female sexual characteristics that develop at the time of puberty
  • effects the uterine cycle.
  • examples: breast development, axillary and pubic hair, fat distribution, widening of pelvic girdle
26
Q

follicular phase

A

Day 1 - 13 of ovarian cycle:

  • FSH is secreted by the anterior pituitary (stimulated by the GnRH) which promotes the maturation of the follicle in the ovary
  • follicle begins to produce increasing levels of estrogen
27
Q

ovulation

A

Day 14 of ovarian cycle:

- a spike in LH occurs

28
Q

luteal phase (3)

A

Day 15-28 of ovarian cycle:

  • LH continues to secrete and the corpus luteum forms
  • corpus luteum produces increasing amounts of progesterone which causes the endometrium to become secretory
  • menstruation and the proliferative phase begins when progesterone production declines to a low level
29
Q

menstruation

A

Day 1 to 5 of uterine cycle:

- the endometrium breaks down

30
Q

proliferative phase

A

Day 6 to 13 of uterine cycle:

- endometrium rebuilds and thickens, becomes vascular, and glandular

31
Q

ovulation

A

Day 14 of uterine cycle

32
Q

secretory phase (2)

A

Day 15-28 of uterine cycle:

  • progesterone causes the endometrium to double/ triple in thickness for the uterine glands to mature
  • the maturation of the uterine glands causes it to produce thick mucus secretions
33
Q

how do hormones control the ovarian cycle (2)

A
  • GnRH stimulates the anterior pituitary to produce FSH and LH so they may produce estrogen and progesterone respectively
  • during the cycle, the ovarian follicle develops into the corpus luteum
34
Q

how do hormones control the uterine cycles (3)

A
  • estrogen causes the endometrium to thicken, become vascular, and glandular (day 6-13)
  • progesterone causes the endometrium to double/ triple in thickness and for the uterine glands to mature (day 15-28)
  • the maturation of the uterine glands causes it to produce thick mucus secretions.
35
Q

how does the positive feedback mechanism involving oxytocin function (5)

A
  • positive feedback mechanism regulates the onset and continuation of labour
  • stretching of the cervix causes contractions and releases oxytocin
  • oxytocin stimulates contractions to push the fetus downwards, stretching the cervix more
  • again, the stretching causes contractions and more oxytocin to be released
  • cycle continues until the baby is born
36
Q

describe hormonal changes that occur as result of implantation (2)

A
  • placenta produces HCG to maintain the corpus luteum in the ovary until placenta begins its own production of progesterone and estrogen
  • progesterone and estrogen shut down the anterior pituitary so no new follicle in the ovaries can mature, they also maintain the endometrium so the corpus luteum in the ovary is no longer needed

Biology 12 Final (17 decks)

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