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Test 2A Tues/Thurs > Chapter 2 Basic Exercise Science > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Basic Exercise Science Flashcards

1
Q

Human Movement System (3 systems)

A

Movement through integration of three systems

Nervous system
Skeletal system
Muscular system

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2
Q

The 3 human movement systems are _ and produce _

A

kinetic

movement

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3
Q

All systems must _ _ to _ _ in the kinetic chain

A

work together

produce movement

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4
Q

Kinetic Chain

A

All components work together to manipulate human motion
If one component of the kinetic chain is not working properly, it will affect the others and ultimately affect the movement

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5
Q

The Muscular System

A

Muscles generate tension that, under the control of the nervous system, manipulates the bones of our body to move.

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6
Q

Skeletal Muscle Epimysium

A

(upon)

outer layer
surrounds the muscle belly

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7
Q

Skeletal Muscle Perimysium

A

(around)

surrounds each fasiculus

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8
Q

Skeletal Muscle Fasciculi

A

bundles of muscle fibers

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9
Q

Skeletal Muscle Endomysium

A

(under)

surrounds each individual muscle fiber

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10
Q

Skeletal Muscle Muscle Fiber

A

Bundles of sacromeres (smallest)

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11
Q

Tendons

A

attach muscle to bone

allow muscle to control movement of bone

have poor vascularity (blood supply)

susceptible to slower repair and adaption

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12
Q

Muscle Fibers contain what typical cell components

A

Sarcoplasm

Nuclei

Mitochondria

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13
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

cellular plasma

contains glycogen, fats, minerals, and oxygen binding myoglobin

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14
Q

Nuclei

A

DNA

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15
Q

Mitochondria

A

Uses O2 (oxygen and gas) to transform energy from food into energy for the cell

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16
Q

You can’t grow _ _

A

muscle cells

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17
Q

Myofibrils

A

contractile components of muscle tissue

Actin
Myosin

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18
Q

Sarcomere

A

functional unit of the muscle

it lies in the space between two z lines

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19
Q

Actin

A

thin myofilament

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20
Q

Myosin

A

thick myofilament

crossbridges (like a stick covered in barbed wire)

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21
Q

Tropomyosin

A

on the actin filament
blocks myosin bringing sites
keeps myosin from attaching to actin while the muscle is in a relaxed state

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22
Q

Troponin

A

aslo located on the actin filament

plays a role in muscle contraction
provides binding sites for both calcium and tropomyosin when a muscle needs to contract

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23
Q

Agonist

A

prime movers

gluteus maximus is an agonist for hip extension

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24
Q

Synergist

A

assist prime movers during movement

hamstring and the erector spinae are synergistic with the gluteus maximus during hip extension

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25
Q

Stabilizer

A

support or stabilize the body while the prime movers and the synergists perform the movement patterns

tranversus abdominis, internal oblique, and multifidus stabilize the low back, pelvis, and hips during hip extension

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26
Q

Neuron

A

the functional unit of the nervous system

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27
Q

Neurons are composed of 3 main parts:

A

Cell Body

Axon

Dendrites

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28
Q

Axon

A

provides communication from the brain or spinal cord to other parts of the body

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29
Q

Dendrites

A

responsible for gathering information from other structures of the body

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30
Q

3 Classifications of neurons determined by the direction of their nerve impulses

A

Sensory

Motor

Interneuron

31
Q

Sensory

A

transmits nerve impulses from muscles or organs to the brain/spinal cord

32
Q

Motor

A

transmits nerve impulses from brain/spinal cord to muscles or organs (contact muscle)

33
Q

Interneuron

A

transmits nerve impulses from one neuron to another

34
Q

2 types of signals that travel through the nerves

A

Action Potential

Neurotransmitter

35
Q

Action Potential

A

electric nerve impulse that travels within the nerve

All or nothing response

36
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

chemical released at the neuromuscular junction that transmits the electric signal to the receptor tissue

37
Q

Acetylcholine

A

(ACH)

is the neurotransmitter responsible for muscle contraction

38
Q

Neural activation

A

essential for a muscle to manipulate force for movement or stabilization

generated by the motor unit (motor neuron and its muscle fibers)

All or none law
(if a motor unit activated all muscle fibers respond. if not none will respond. joint actions)

39
Q

Sliding Filament Theory

A

The proposed process of how muscle contraction takes place

A sacromere shortens as a result of the myosin heads attaching to the actin filament and pulling the actin across the myosin. (twists like a towel shortening in length)

40
Q

A nerve impulse (_ _) is transmitted through the _ down to the _ _ (neuromuscular junction) and releases _

A

action potential

neuron

muscle fiber

ACH

41
Q

binds to its receptor on the muscle fiber

A

ACH

42
Q

ACH binds to its receptor on the muscle fiber which triggers…

A

the release of calcium (Ca2+) into the sarcoplasm (where the actin and myosin are located)

43
Q

Ca2+ binds to the protein _, forcing the protein _ to move away from the myosin binding site and allowing for _ to attach to _

A

troponin

tropomyosin

myosin

actin

44
Q

_ attaches to _, creating a pull of the filaments across each other (sliding filament theory) and causing muscle to shorten (contract)

A

myosin

actin

45
Q

Once the neural impulse for contraction subsides (you put the weight down)

A

calcium in the sarcoplasm decreases, forcing myosin to unbind with the actin, ending the muscle contraction

46
Q

Muscle Fiber Types

A

Type I slow twitch

Type IIx fast twitch

Type IIa fast twitch

47
Q

Type I slow twitch

A

higher capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin

increased oxygen delivery

smaller in size

produce less force

slow to fatigue

long term contractions (stabilization)

48
Q

Type IIx fast twitch

A

lower in capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin

decreased oxygen delivery

larger in size

produce more force

quick to fatigue

short term contractions (force and power)

49
Q

Type IIa fast twitch

A

intermediate in capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin

can be used in aerobic or anaerobic work

moderate in size

produce moderate force

fatigue quicker than I slower than IIx

not as powerful nor as much endurance

50
Q

Can any of the muscle fiber types turn into each other

A

type IIa can turn into type IIx

that is the only one and it is not reversible

51
Q

Muscle Fiber Types cans and can’ts

A

You are born with ALL the muscle fibers you will ever get

You cannot add muscle fibers to the body

Genetics determines the distribution of each fiber throughout the body

You CAN enhance existing fibers

52
Q

2 main components of the nervous system

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

53
Q

CNS

A

The central nervous system is composed of the brain and spinal cord

54
Q

PNS

A

The peripheral nervous system is the nerves that communicate with the CNS

55
Q

Subdivisions of the PNS include

A

somatic nervous system

autonomic nervous system

56
Q

somatic nervous system

A

responsible for the voluntary control of movement

57
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

responsible for the involuntary systems of the body

58
Q

The autonomic is divided into…

A

sympathetic nervous system

parasympathetic nervous system

59
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

fight or flight

60
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

crash/ relax

61
Q

Sensory

A

The ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment

pre-loading (picking up a weight)

62
Q

Integrative

A

The ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret the sensory information to allow for proper decision making, producing the appropriate response

Brain take inventory of muscle tone and force potential

63
Q

Motor

A

The neuromuscular response to the sensory information

able to lift weight or must put it down

64
Q

Sensory Receptors

A

Mechanoreceptors

Nociceptors

Chemoreceptors

Photoreceptors

65
Q

what responds to mechanical forces (touch and pressure)

A

Mechanoreceptors

66
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Muscle spindle

Golgi tendon organ

Joint receptors

67
Q

Muscle spindle

A

sensitive to tone, change in length and rate of length change in muscle

68
Q

Golgi tendon organ

A

sensitive to changes in muscular tension and rate of tension change

69
Q

joint receptors

A

respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of the joint.

70
Q

Muscle Spindle and golgi tendon organ help with…

A

Proprioception

71
Q

Proprioception

A

The body’s ability to sense the relative position of the parts of the body.

72
Q

Training the body’s proprioceptive abilities will improve…

A

balance, coordination, and posture and enable the body to adapt to its surroundings without consciously thinking about movement

It becomes important to train the nervous system efficiently to ensure proper movement patterns, which enhances performance and decreases the risk of injury.

73
Q

The nervous system purpose (3 points)

A

Movement is a response to our sensory information and is, therefore, dictated by the nervous system.

This reflects the importance of training in a multi sensory environment.

The most effective way to create positive long term results in a client is to directly affect (properly train) his or her nervous system. (moving away from the “bodybuilding” mentality.

74
Q

Physical Activity and the Nervous system (2 points)

A

Early stage improvements to physical activity are largely due to changes in the way the CNS and PNS coordinate movement.

Unsuccessful activity can be modified with sensory input to improve performance.

Test 2A Tues/Thurs (7 decks)

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