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Test 2A Tues/Thurs > Chapter 2 Basic Exercise Science > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Basic Exercise Science Flashcards

1
Q

Human Movement System (3 systems)

A

Movement through integration of three systems

Nervous system
Skeletal system
Muscular system

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2
Q

The 3 human movement systems are _ and produce _

A

kinetic

movement

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3
Q

All systems must _ _ to _ _ in the kinetic chain

A

work together

produce movement

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4
Q

Kinetic Chain

A

All components work together to manipulate human motion
If one component of the kinetic chain is not working properly, it will affect the others and ultimately affect the movement

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5
Q

The Muscular System

A

Muscles generate tension that, under the control of the nervous system, manipulates the bones of our body to move.

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6
Q

Skeletal Muscle Epimysium

A

(upon)

outer layer
surrounds the muscle belly

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7
Q

Skeletal Muscle Perimysium

A

(around)

surrounds each fasiculus

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8
Q

Skeletal Muscle Fasciculi

A

bundles of muscle fibers

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9
Q

Skeletal Muscle Endomysium

A

(under)

surrounds each individual muscle fiber

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10
Q

Skeletal Muscle Muscle Fiber

A

Bundles of sacromeres (smallest)

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11
Q

Tendons

A

attach muscle to bone

allow muscle to control movement of bone

have poor vascularity (blood supply)

susceptible to slower repair and adaption

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12
Q

Muscle Fibers contain what typical cell components

A

Sarcoplasm

Nuclei

Mitochondria

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13
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

cellular plasma

contains glycogen, fats, minerals, and oxygen binding myoglobin

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14
Q

Nuclei

A

DNA

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15
Q

Mitochondria

A

Uses O2 (oxygen and gas) to transform energy from food into energy for the cell

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16
Q

You can’t grow _ _

A

muscle cells

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17
Q

Myofibrils

A

contractile components of muscle tissue

Actin
Myosin

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18
Q

Sarcomere

A

functional unit of the muscle

it lies in the space between two z lines

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19
Q

Actin

A

thin myofilament

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20
Q

Myosin

A

thick myofilament

crossbridges (like a stick covered in barbed wire)

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21
Q

Tropomyosin

A

on the actin filament
blocks myosin bringing sites
keeps myosin from attaching to actin while the muscle is in a relaxed state

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22
Q

Troponin

A

aslo located on the actin filament

plays a role in muscle contraction
provides binding sites for both calcium and tropomyosin when a muscle needs to contract

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23
Q

Agonist

A

prime movers

gluteus maximus is an agonist for hip extension

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24
Q

Synergist

A

assist prime movers during movement

hamstring and the erector spinae are synergistic with the gluteus maximus during hip extension

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25
Stabilizer
support or stabilize the body while the prime movers and the synergists perform the movement patterns tranversus abdominis, internal oblique, and multifidus stabilize the low back, pelvis, and hips during hip extension
26
Neuron
the functional unit of the nervous system
27
Neurons are composed of 3 main parts:
Cell Body Axon Dendrites
28
Axon
provides communication from the brain or spinal cord to other parts of the body
29
Dendrites
responsible for gathering information from other structures of the body
30
3 Classifications of neurons determined by the direction of their nerve impulses
Sensory Motor Interneuron
31
Sensory
transmits nerve impulses from muscles or organs to the brain/spinal cord
32
Motor
transmits nerve impulses from brain/spinal cord to muscles or organs (contact muscle)
33
Interneuron
transmits nerve impulses from one neuron to another
34
2 types of signals that travel through the nerves
Action Potential Neurotransmitter
35
Action Potential
electric nerve impulse that travels within the nerve All or nothing response
36
Neurotransmitter
chemical released at the neuromuscular junction that transmits the electric signal to the receptor tissue
37
Acetylcholine
(ACH) | is the neurotransmitter responsible for muscle contraction
38
Neural activation
essential for a muscle to manipulate force for movement or stabilization generated by the motor unit (motor neuron and its muscle fibers) All or none law (if a motor unit activated all muscle fibers respond. if not none will respond. joint actions)
39
Sliding Filament Theory
The proposed process of how muscle contraction takes place A sacromere shortens as a result of the myosin heads attaching to the actin filament and pulling the actin across the myosin. (twists like a towel shortening in length)
40
A nerve impulse (_ _) is transmitted through the _ down to the _ _ (neuromuscular junction) and releases _
action potential neuron muscle fiber ACH
41
binds to its receptor on the muscle fiber
ACH
42
ACH binds to its receptor on the muscle fiber which triggers...
the release of calcium (Ca2+) into the sarcoplasm (where the actin and myosin are located)
43
Ca2+ binds to the protein _, forcing the protein _ to move away from the myosin binding site and allowing for _ to attach to _
troponin tropomyosin myosin actin
44
_ attaches to _, creating a pull of the filaments across each other (sliding filament theory) and causing muscle to shorten (contract)
myosin actin
45
Once the neural impulse for contraction subsides (you put the weight down)
calcium in the sarcoplasm decreases, forcing myosin to unbind with the actin, ending the muscle contraction
46
Muscle Fiber Types
Type I slow twitch Type IIx fast twitch Type IIa fast twitch
47
Type I slow twitch
higher capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin increased oxygen delivery smaller in size produce less force slow to fatigue long term contractions (stabilization)
48
Type IIx fast twitch
lower in capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin decreased oxygen delivery larger in size produce more force quick to fatigue short term contractions (force and power)
49
Type IIa fast twitch
intermediate in capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin can be used in aerobic or anaerobic work moderate in size produce moderate force fatigue quicker than I slower than IIx not as powerful nor as much endurance
50
Can any of the muscle fiber types turn into each other
type IIa can turn into type IIx that is the only one and it is not reversible
51
Muscle Fiber Types cans and can'ts
You are born with ALL the muscle fibers you will ever get You cannot add muscle fibers to the body Genetics determines the distribution of each fiber throughout the body You CAN enhance existing fibers
52
2 main components of the nervous system
Central Nervous System (CNS) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
53
CNS
The central nervous system is composed of the brain and spinal cord
54
PNS
The peripheral nervous system is the nerves that communicate with the CNS
55
Subdivisions of the PNS include
somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system
56
somatic nervous system
responsible for the voluntary control of movement
57
autonomic nervous system
responsible for the involuntary systems of the body
58
The autonomic is divided into...
sympathetic nervous system parasympathetic nervous system
59
Sympathetic nervous system
fight or flight
60
parasympathetic nervous system
crash/ relax
61
Sensory
The ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment pre-loading (picking up a weight)
62
Integrative
The ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret the sensory information to allow for proper decision making, producing the appropriate response Brain take inventory of muscle tone and force potential
63
Motor
The neuromuscular response to the sensory information able to lift weight or must put it down
64
Sensory Receptors
Mechanoreceptors Nociceptors Chemoreceptors Photoreceptors
65
what responds to mechanical forces (touch and pressure)
Mechanoreceptors
66
Mechanoreceptors
Muscle spindle Golgi tendon organ Joint receptors
67
Muscle spindle
sensitive to tone, change in length and rate of length change in muscle
68
Golgi tendon organ
sensitive to changes in muscular tension and rate of tension change
69
joint receptors
respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of the joint.
70
Muscle Spindle and golgi tendon organ help with...
Proprioception
71
Proprioception
The body's ability to sense the relative position of the parts of the body.
72
Training the body's proprioceptive abilities will improve...
balance, coordination, and posture and enable the body to adapt to its surroundings without consciously thinking about movement It becomes important to train the nervous system efficiently to ensure proper movement patterns, which enhances performance and decreases the risk of injury.
73
The nervous system purpose (3 points)
Movement is a response to our sensory information and is, therefore, dictated by the nervous system. This reflects the importance of training in a multi sensory environment. The most effective way to create positive long term results in a client is to directly affect (properly train) his or her nervous system. (moving away from the "bodybuilding" mentality.
74
Physical Activity and the Nervous system (2 points)
Early stage improvements to physical activity are largely due to changes in the way the CNS and PNS coordinate movement. Unsuccessful activity can be modified with sensory input to improve performance.

Test 2A Tues/Thurs (7 decks)

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