Chapter 2 and 3

Question 1

Genotype

Answer 1

Genetic makeup of an individual

Question 2

Phenotype

Answer 2

Observable characteristics

-Depend in part on genotype

Question 3

Where genes are contained at conception

Answer 3

Within chromosomes withing egg and sperm

-Each parent gives 23 chromosomes

Question 4

Autosomes

Answer 4

22 sets of non sex chromosomes

Question 5

Alleles

Answer 5

Forms of each gene

• Appear at same place on both chromos in a pair
• 1 inherited from each parent

Question 6

X-linked Inheritance

Answer 6

When a harmful recessive allele is carried on an x chromosome

• Males are more likely to be affected
• Less likely for a dominant gene to suppress it on their y chromo

Question 7

Incomplete Dominance

Answer 7

Both alleles of a gene are expressed

-Sickle cell anemia

Question 8

Polygenic Inheritance

Answer 8

Many alleles combine to influence a trait

-Personality, weight, IQ

Question 9

Down Syndrome

Answer 9

Caused by: Trisomy 21, translocation, mosaic patterrn

• Affects memory, vocab, speech difficulties, motor development
• Engagement and early intervention helps

Question 10

Sex Chromosome Abnormalities

Answer 10

Problems w/ X or Y

• Recognized later, intellectual deficits
• Verbal probs: Triple X and Klinefelter
• Spatial Probs: Turner

Question 11

Amniocentesis

Answer 11

Extract fluid from uterus

• 14 wks
• Less risky

Question 12

Chorionic Villus Sampling

Answer 12

Extract tissue from chorionic villi

• 9wks
• Riskier

Question 13

Heritability Estimates

Answer 13

Portion of individual differences caused by genetics

-Ranges from 0-1.00

Question 14

Kinship Studies

Answer 14

What % of the time do family members vs. twins show a trait?

Question 15

Passive Correlation

Answer 15

Parents design environment and it influences kids

-Perfectionism, books in home

Question 16

Evocative Correlation

Answer 16

Child behaves in ways that encourage adults to make decisions that conducive to those behaviors
-Shy kid

Question 17

Active Correlation

Answer 17

Niche-picking

-Child shapes environment to be conducive to their behaviors

Question 18

Epigenetic Framework

Answer 18

Bidirectional exchanges b/w Environment, behavior, and gene expression

Question 19

Period of the Zygote

Answer 19

About 2 weeks

1. Zygote moves down fallopian tube and duplicates
2. Blastocyst
3. Implantation
   - Start of the placenta

Question 20

Blastocyst

Answer 20

Zygote forms fluid filled ball

• Embryonic disk: inner cells will become organism
• Tropoblast: outer cells, protective covering

Question 21

Period of Embryo

Answer 21

Weeks 3-8

• Arms, legs, face, organs, muscles develop
• Heart starts pumping

Question 22

Period of Fetus

Answer 22

Weeks 9-12 and rest of pregnancy

-Rapid growth and advanced/detailed development

Question 23

1st Trimester

Answer 23

1-12 weeks

Primitive brain and spinal cord form, heart develops

Question 24

2nd Trimester

Answer 24

13-24 weeks
Fetal movement felt
-most neurons develop by end, glial cells, synapses

Question 25

3rd Trimester

Answer 25

25-36 weeks - Cerebral cortex, alertness and motor activity - Temperment, distinguishing/remembering auditory stimuli

Question 26

Age of Viability

Answer 26

22-26 wks | -When early born fetus has a chance of survival

Question 27

Drug Teratogens

Answer 27

Prescription (Accutane, Antidepressants) | -Non-Prescription (Caffeine and illegal)

Question 28

Tobacco effects

Answer 28

Low birth weight - Asthma - Agression

Question 29

Alcohol

Answer 29

FASD, physical abnormalities | -Attention/memory/communication problems

Question 30

Radiation

Answer 30

A range of emotion and health difficulties may appear later in life

Question 31

Pollution

Answer 31

Motor attention and verbal difficulties

Question 32

Factors Affecting Harm from Teratogens

Answer 32

Dose, Heredity, Mother's stress, age at time of exposure (sensitive periods)

Question 33

Maternal Factors in Prenatal Development

Answer 33

Infectious disease (Rubella, HIV, AIDS) - Malnutrition - Emotional Stress - Age

Question 34

APGAR Scale Scores

Answer 34

7=Good 6-4=needs assistance 3 or less=medical attention

Question 35

APGAR Scale

Answer 35

``` Appearance (color) Pulse (100-140) Grimace (reflexive responding, crying, coughing) Activity (movements of arms and legs) Respiration (breathing and crying) ```

Question 36

Anoxia

Answer 36

Oxygen deprivation