Chapter 1

Question 1

Developmental Science is…

Answer 1

Scientific, Applied, and Interdisciplinary

Question 2

3 Domains of development

Answer 2

1. Biological (physical)
2. Cognitive
3. Psychosocial (Social/emotional)

Question 3

Interaction

Answer 3

Both factors depend on one another

Question 4

Stability

Answer 4

Maintains across lifespan

-Nature

Question 5

Plasticity

Answer 5

Change is possible based on experiences

-Nurture

Question 6

Lifespan Perspective of Development

Answer 6

Individual difs occur b/c of consequences of normative and nonnormative experiences which depend on ones physical, cognitive, and socio-emotional characteristics

Question 7

Prenatal

Answer 7

Conception-birth

Question 8

Infancy and Toddlerhood

Answer 8

Birth-2yrs

Question 9

Early Childhood

Answer 9

2-6yrs

Question 10

Middle Childhood

Answer 10

6-11yrs

Question 11

Adolescence

Answer 11

11-18yrs

Question 12

Early Adulthood

Answer 12

18-40yrs

Question 13

Middle Adulthood

Answer 13

40-65yrs

Question 14

Late Adulthood

Answer 14

65-death

Question 15

Normative Approach

Answer 15

Hall and Gessell
Development is a genetically determined maturational process
-Measured large numbers of kids to find age-related averages

Question 16

Mental Testing Movement

Answer 16

Simon and Binet

-Intelligence tests (Stanford Binet Intelligence Test)

Question 17

Psychoanalytic Perspective

Answer 17

Freud and Erikson

Stages in which conflict b/w biological drives and social expectations is experienced

Question 18

Psychosexual Stage Theory

Answer 18

Freud
Instinctual/sexual desires shift in focus during dif stages. How parents attend to drives predicts healthy adjustment
-Highlights importance of past experiences

Question 19

Psychosocial Stage Theory

Answer 19

Erikson
Focuses on social and cultural influences and the conscious/rational part of the individual
-Stage related acquisition of skill

Question 20

Behaviorism

Answer 20

1. Classical conditioning (Watson)- shaping response w/ stimulus response associations
2. Operant Conditioning (Skinner)- shaping response w/ punishments and rewards

Question 21

Social Learning Theory

Answer 21

Bandura
Modeling, imitation, or observational learning
-Benefit: Behavior Modification and Applied Behavioral Analysis (ABA)
-But too little emphasis on environment and w/in person factors

Question 22

Cognitive Developmental Theory

Answer 22

Piaget

• Learning not only based on rewards and punishment
• Children actively construct knowledge by interacting w/ environment
• 4 broad stages of development

Question 23

Piaget’s Stages of Development

Answer 23

Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete operational
Formal operational

Question 24

Sociocultural Theory

Answer 24

Vygotsky
Transmission of culture to new generation
-Knowledge exchanged b/w youth and more knowledgeable members

Question 25

Ecological Systems Theory

Answer 25

Individual is influenced by multiple interacting layers of environment -Microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, chronosystem

Question 26

Microsystem

Answer 26

Exposed to on a day to day or weekly basis (Day care, parents, neighborhood play area) -Bidirectional influence

Question 27

Mesosystem

Answer 27

Interactions and links b/w microsystems | Family doesn't feel neighborhood play area is safe

Question 28

Exosystem

Answer 28

Influence microsystem Less regular contact (Friends and neighbors, parent workplace, grandparents)

Question 29

Macrosystem

Answer 29

Broad and extended environment (national laws, cultural values, values) Influences trickle down

Question 30

Chronosystem

Answer 30

Time influences environment

Question 31

Bioecological model

Answer 31

Biological predispositions combine w/ environmental factors at each level to influence the individual

Question 32

Cross Sectional Design

Answer 32

Different groups studied at the same time - Can't study individual development - Age differences may be misleading because of cohort effects

Question 33

Longitudinal Design

Answer 33

Same group studied over a period of time at multiple time points - Study change vs stability - Don't allow for claims of causality

Question 34

Sequential Design

Answer 34

Several groups studied longitudinally | -No problems with cohort effects

Question 35

Problems with Longitudinal and Sequential Designs

Answer 35

1. Retention/mortality 2. Practice effects 3. Expensive and risky for researchers

Question 36

5 Rights of Research P's

Answer 36

1. Protection from harm 2. Informed consent 3. Privacy 4. Knowledge of results 5. Beneficial Treatments

Question 37

Action Research

Answer 37

Combines research and social action | -Naturalistic observation and development/evaluation of solutions to social problems in local settings of interest