Ch 6

Question 1

Generalized Distress Response

Answer 1

More basic attraction to pleasant and withdrawal from unpleasant

• Responses are mostly uncensored and caregivers must help to manage emotions
• Infants

Question 2

Toddler Distress Responses

Answer 2

More complex and sophisticated

-Emotions are more recognizable

Question 3

Erikson’s Theory

Answer 3

Ego is in charge of censoring emotion

• Ego is conscious rational part
• Demands on ego vary across culture and life
• Ego must continually alter to meet age-graded changes

Question 4

Basic Trust vs Mistrust Stage

Answer 4

1st year

-Need responsiveness from sympathetic and loving caregiver

Question 5

Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt Stage

Answer 5

2nd year

-Need suitable guidance, reasonable choices, and tolerance and understanding from caregiver

Question 6

First Appearance of Happiness

Answer 6

• Smile from birth
• Social smile 6-10wks
• Laugh 3-4 months

Question 7

First Appearance of Fear

Answer 7

• Increase in fear second half of 1st year

- Stranger anxiety 8-12 months

Question 8

First Appearance of Anger

Answer 8

• General Distress from birth

- Anger 4-6 months (increases in intensity and freq in toddlerhood)

Question 9

Social Referencing

Answer 9

Use caregiver’s reaction to gauge new situations (8-10 months)
Recognize other’s facial expression 4-5 months

Question 10

Self-Conscious Emotions

Answer 10

Shame, embarrassment, guilt, pride, envy

• Middle of 2nd year
• Children become aware of self as separate and unique
• Need adult instruction

Question 11

Emotion Self-Regulation

Answer 11

Adjust own state of emotional intensity

• Requires effortful control (voluntary)
• Grows over 1st year with brain development and w/ caregiver help

Question 12

Parent Contribution to Emotion Regulation (Early Months)

Answer 12

• Lift to shoulder, rock gently, stroke back or head, soft talking, distract and reorient attention
• Initiating face to face play and joint attention to expand tolerance for stimulation

Question 13

Parent Contribution to Emotion Regulation (4-6 months)

Answer 13

Read kids emotions early and respond w/ sympathy

-Reinforce/model pos emotions and seek caregiver as secure base

Question 14

Parent Contribution to Emotion Regulation (18mo-2yrs)

Answer 14

Use and encourage emotion related vocab

• When kids don’t get what the want and act up, don’t give in
• Offer distracting alternative
• Later discussion on how to handle adult refusal

Question 15

Temperament

Answer 15

Epigenetic and early appearing stable individual differences in reactivity and self-regulation

Question 16

Reactivity

Answer 16

Speed and intensity of emotional arousal, attention and motor activity
-Component of temperament

Question 17

Self-Regulation

Answer 17

Strategies modifying reactivity

-Component of temperament

Question 18

New York Longitudinal Study

Answer 18

Thomas and Chess 1956

• Supported 3 clusters of characteristics
• Temperament can buffer or exaggerate the neg impacts of stress in the home

Question 19

Thomas and Chess 1977

Answer 19

Parenting practices can influence temperament

-Temperament is plastic but somewhat stable

Question 20

Effortful Control

Answer 20

Rothbart

-Voluntary suppression of dominant response to execute a more favorable one

Question 21

Easy Temperament

Answer 21

Quickly est routines in infancy, cheerful, adapts easily to new experiences
-40%

Question 22

Difficult Temperament

Answer 22

Irregular routines, slow to accept new experiences

• Tend to react negatively and intensely
• 10%

Question 23

Slow to Warm Temperament

Answer 23

Inactive, mild to low-key reactions to stimuli

• Neg, in mood and adjust slowly
• 15%

Question 24

Hard to classify

Answer 24

Do not fit into one category

-35%

Question 25

Stability of Temperament

Answer 25

Develop with age | -Development of effortful control and frontal lobe cause change in temperament

Question 26

Goodness of Fit Model

Answer 26

The impact of a child's temperament on development depends on how their temperament fits demand of social context -Favorable if there is a match

Question 27

Attachment

Answer 27

Ainsworth - An affectional tie that an infant forms with caregiver - Bowlby

Question 28

Insecure Avoidant

Answer 28

Avoids connection w/ caregiver | -Seems not to care about caregiver's presence, departure or return

Question 29

Secure

Answer 29

May or may not cry at separation | -Gets comfort and confidence from presence of caregiver

Question 30

Insecure Resistant

Answer 30

Anxiety and uncertainty | -Very upset at separation, resists and seeks comfort from caregiver

Question 31

Disorganized

Answer 31

Inconsistent reactions to caregiver's departure and return

Question 32

Predictors of Secure Attachment

Answer 32

Parents responsive, sensitive, and consistent - Synchrony - Infants use relationships to develop working model

Question 33

Synchrony

Answer 33

Well-timed responsiveness to infant emotions

Question 34

Attachment and Later Development

Answer 34

Secure attachment related to pos. outcomes in social, moral, confidence, emotion regulation, academic areas in preschool and middle childhood