Chapter 2 - Ag Animal Health Care Flashcards
What are the primary and secondary objectives of the animal health care program?
Primary: Minimize pain and suffering and maintain animal health production
Secondary: Prevent zoonoses and avoid contaminants and residues in animal products
How MUST animals be obtained and transported?
Legally
What SHOULD occur before obtaining animals?
The program or AV, in conjunction with the principal scientist, SHOULD formulate written procedures to assess the health status of a herd or flock obtained from a vendor before acquiring animals.
What SHOULD occur prior to animals arriving?
The institution SHOULD develop a mechanism and process of control for animal acquisition that ensure coordination of resources that will preclude the arrival of animals in advance of preparation of adequate housing, nutrition, and appropriate veterinary quarantine procedures.
When SHOULD animals of unknown origin or from stockyards be used? Why? What is unique about their handling?
Animals from unknown origin or from stockyards SHOULD only be used if necessary, such animals may pose sig. unknown health risks compared with animals of known origin, and therefore SHOULD be handled appropriately.
What SHOULD newly acquired animals undergo?
Newly acquired animals SHOULD undergo a quarantine and acclimation period for preventative and clinical treatments as appropriate for their species health status.
What do new animals require? Define it.
Acclimation period - Stabilization period before animal use, which permits physiological and behavioral adaption to the new environment
What should the veterinarian or their designee establish regarding acclimation guidelines? When should any modifications be discussed?
Should establish general acclimation guidelines for each species. Any modifications to the general program SHOULD be discussed with AV before animals are shipped.
Exceptions to the acclimation period MUST be:
Scientifically justified and approved by the IACUC
Define quarantine.
Quarantine - Separation of newly received animals from those already in the facility or on the premises until the health of the new animals have been evaluated and found to be acceptable.
What SHOULD the program vet ensure regarding quarantine facilities and procedures?
Ensure quarantine facilities or locations are appropriate and the quarantine procedures consistent with current veterinary practices and applicable regulations.
How long SHOULD the quarantine period be?
Should be long enough to observe signs of infectious disease or obtain diagnostic evidence of infection status.
What SHOULD occur if the health history of newly received animals is unknown?
Quarantine program should be more comprehensive and sufficiently long to allow expression or detection of diseases present in the early incubation stage.
What exams SHOULD be occur for animals in quarantine? What treatments should be provided?
Program vet or skilled personnel SHOULD perform exam and subsequent daily exams. Animals should be observed in quarantine until cleared. Vaccination, treatment of diseases and parasites should occur in quarantine period.
An institution using ag animals in research or teaching should have an official with what?
Credentials and authority to manage an institutional animal care program.
What should a veterinarian be involved in at the institution?
Involved in vet program oversight and development, including protocol review, establishment of anesthetic and analgesic guidelines, development of study removal criteria, and responsible conduct of research activities.
Adequate ag animal health care in research and teaching involves what regarding preventative medicine?
A written and implemented program for disease prevention, surveillance, diagnosis, treatment, and endpoint resolution.
What are the objectives of a preventative medicine program? (6)
Ensure animal health and welfare, minimize pain and distress, utilize animal production practices, prevent zoonoses, assist PIs on study related animal health issues, and avoid contaminants or residues in animal products
What should the program train staff on? (6)
Animal behavior, production practices, humane and appropriate restraint for species, anesthesia and analgesia, surgical and post-surgical care, and euthanasia.
What MUST be established between personnel responsible for daily animal care and observation, animal users, and program veterinarians?
A mechanism for direct, frequent, and regular communication
What MUST animal care personnel be trained to recognize?
Signs of illness and injury.
Who determines the method by which medical records are maintained?
The institution, in cooperation with the program vet
Who is responsible for oversight of medical records?
PI, program vet, and IACUC
The ACLAM statement on Medical Records for Animals Used in Research, Teaching, and Testing suggests what?
Notations in the medical record should be made by individuals who have administered treatments, or made direct observations or evaluations of the animals or their diagnostic results, or their designee.
Define major and minor surgeries.
Major - Penetrates and exposes the body cavity, may produce substantial impairment of physical or physiologic functions, or may involve extensive tissue dissection or transection.
Minor - Does not expose a body cavity, causes little or no physical impairment, and would include suturing, peripheral vessel cannulation and percutaneous biopsy, routine agricultural animal procedures such as castration, and most procedures routinely done on an outpatient basis in vet clinical practice.
When may multiple survival procedures be performed for nontherapuetic reasons?
Only when justified and reviewed and approved by IACUC
Who should advise investigators on use of anesthesia and analgesics?
Vets with experience in ag animal medicine
How are painful procedures without anesthesia/analgesics handled?
Must be justified in protocol and approved by ACUC
When can paralytics be used?
Only under deep anesthesia, use MUST be justified in protocol and approved by ACUC.
Who should perform surgery? Who must provide basic training and practice before experimental surgery is performed?
Performed or supervised by experienced veterinary surgeon or animal scientist. Institutions MUST provide basic training and practice.
What should be available regarding surgery skills? What should be documented?
Opportunities to improve. Training should be documented.
The training program MUST be reviewed by who and under the direction of who? What MUST be documented?
Reviewed by ACUC And under direction of program vet. Training provided MUST be documented and competency of personnel ensured.
Where should major surgeries be performed? What practices should be used, with what equipment/supplies?
Performed only in facilities designed to accommodate surgery. Aseptic technique should be used with good surgical practice including cap, mask, gloves, gown, prep and drape of animal, and sterile instruments.
What should nonsurvival surgeries include?
Clean instruments and surgical site.
How should minor surgeries be performed?
Using standard veterinary practices.
Some emergency surgeries must be performed in situations where strict aseptic technique is difficult to maintain. Who should be prepared for these situations?
Research projects with a high probability of emergency surgeries.
What must be identified and instituted regarding pain?
Cause must be identified and pain control instituted.
What are signs of pain?
Listless, constant movement, frequent change of position, off feed, grinding teeth, vocalization, frightened expression, resistance to handling, favor an area of body, abnormal stance
What is one of the first tasks of the program veterinarian? What principles should the program vet adhere to?
Relief of pain.
1. Relief of pain is a human act
2. Relief of pain must be initiated promptly once deemed necessary
3. It may be necessary to protect animals in pain from self-injury
What should animal care programs minimize in animals used in research and teaching?
Pain
What MUST each institution have to manage human health risks associated with animal contact? Steps must be taken to ensure what?
OHSP. Steps taken to ensure that health risks for each individual are assessed and managed at an acceptable level
Who should establish appropriate preventative medicine programs and husbandry practices to decrease the likelihood of transmission of potential zoonotic agents?
Program vet, working in collaboration with scientists or instructors of record
Drug administration to animals destined for the human food chain MUST be accordance with:
Animal Medicine Drug Use Clarification Act of 1994
What records MUST be kept regarding residue avoidance? For how long?
Drugs - Product used, dose, route, duration, name of caretaker, and period of withdrawal
Proper withdrawal times must be ensured
Potentially harmful products - Storage, use, and disposal
3 months
What drug residues must be prevented from entering the human food chain?
Approved drugs used according to label
Drugs used extra-label
Other chemicals, such as pesticides, disinfectants, wood preservatives, etc
What does FARAD stand for? What is it?
FARAD - Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank
Database that provides information on drugs approved for use in food animals including withholding times for eggs and milk and withdrawal times for meat
What does INAD stand for? What occurs if an animal is given a new drug for investigational purposes? What if the new drug is given for reasons other than investigational purposes?
INAD - Investigational New Animal Drug
If animal given new animal drug for investigational purpose, no meat eggs, or milk may be processed for human food unless authorized by FDA or USDA and appropriate INAD obtained from FDA. If not for investigational purposes, than meat, eggs, and milk forbidden to enter human food chain.
What is extralabel use? When is extralabel use permitted? What does it require?
Extralabel use - Use of different dosages, formulations, or routes, or treatment for conditions not specifically mentioned on label. Permitted only when it adheres to the Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act (AMDUCA) 1994 Public Law. Requires a valid VCPR.
Extralabel use is not permitted via what route? Where must the compound be manufactures? How long must records be maintained? How is the adequate safety margin in withdrawal time decided?
Via feed. Must be manufactures in FDA-inspected facility. Records must be maintained for 2 years. Adequate safety margin in withdrawal time based on available data.
What does the USDA National Organic Program standards state requiring sick animals?
Producer or an organic livestock operation MUST not withhold medical treatment from a sick animal in an effort to preserve its organic status. Sick animals must be treated using all appropriate medications regardless of their intended organic status.
How should chemicals be stored, used, and disposed of?
To prevent contamination of animals.
How should restraint devices be designed? Maintained? What does prolonged restraint involved and what should be ensured?
Appropriate in size and design for animal. Maintained regularly. Prolonged restraint is restriction of normal animal movement for an extended period of time, typically hours or days. Animals should be conditioned to restraint and description of conditioning and monitoring during restraint should be reviewed and approved by ACUC.
Who should perform what euthanasia techniques? Following what guidelines?
Trained personnel using acceptable techniques in accordance with applicable regulations and policies. AVMA Panel on Euthanasia guidelines.
Can physical methods of euthanasia be used?
Yes, but must minimize stress to animal prior to euthanasia.
What law governs availability of food and water to animals prior to slaughter? When must food and water be provided to animals?
US Code of Federal Regulations (9 CFR). Water accessible to livestock at all times in holding pens, feed accessible after livestock have been held longer than 24 hours.
Can agents that result in tissue residues be used in animals destined for human or animal food?
No, unless approved by FDA
Slaughter of animals for human food must comply with what guideline? Who is the agent responsible for ensuring compliance with the act?
Federal Humane Slaughter of Livestock. USDA’s Food Safety and Inspection Service is the agent responsible for ensuring compliance.
What should protocols for depopulation follow?
AVMA Guidelines for Depopulation of Animals.
