Chapter 2 Flashcards
DSP ? = the way of thinking that has spurred industrial development in the Western world.
Dominant Social Paradigm
4 fundamental assumptions in DSP
- Humans are s_______ / s______ nature
- Nature can and should be c_________.
- Individuals have a right to m _____ e______ g_____
- Progress equals g______
- Humans are separate from, and superior to, nature
- Nature can and should be controlled
- Individuals have a right to maximum economic gain
- Progress equals growth
What has contributed to ‘Humans are separate from and superior to nature’ assumption
- A_______ “scale naturae”
- A____po_____
- D _____ mechanical universe
Aristotle
Anthropocentrism
Descartes
Explain Aristotle “scala naturae”
scale of natural things importance God, men, women, animals, plants
Explain anthropocentrism
regards human kind as the most important element of existence
Explain Descartes’s mechanical universe
environment viewed as inanimate, mechanical, clockwork machine
What has contributed to “Nature can and should be controlled” assumption
1. B____’s who founded empiricism, lobbed for scientific observation requiring control. Increased confidence about humans ability to c______ n___.
Bacon
control nature
What has contributed to “Individuals have a right to maximum economic gain “
- H_______ radical individualism. People are in a constant state of c______ for r______
- Pr______ of the individual. became a hallmark of the new democratic government > individuals responsible for their own wellbeing, lives were to be lived as individuals, competitive and separate, pursuing personal material wealth through the rights of individual freedom and noninterference from the state.
- M_______ individualism became a fundamental part of the dominant Western worldview also due to the contribution of the Protestant reformers who settled the US. C_______ believed work was a divine calling & wealth was an indication of God’s approval for hard labor.
Hobbes competition for resources primacy materialistic calvanism
What has contributed to “4. Progress equals growth “
- Early settlement
- Views sustainability as s______
stagnation
c____ b____, where we’re attracted to people, information and events that are consistent with and reinforce our prior beliefs
confirmation bias
New E_____ Paradigm: score low= earth’s resources are limitless, score high= we must be cautious and preserve resources.
Ecological
E_______ – beliefs that are in principal capable of being true or false e.g. global warming is occurring
existential
E______ (attitudes) – beliefs about the “goodness” or “badness” of a person, object, or action. E.g. human nature is basically good.
Evaluative (attitudes)
P________ (values) – beliefs about what should and should not be done e.g. it’s important to protect the earth for future generations
Prescriptive/Proscriptive (values)
- According to Royce (1964), we acquire information about the world in 4 main ways:
A________ – something is deemed to be true if it is endorsed by credible person or doctrine
R_______ – something is deemed to be true if it is consistent with logical principles (thinking)
E_______ – something is deemed to be true if it is verified through sensory experience (sensing)
I______ – Truth is ascertained through intuition (feeling)
Authoritarianism
Rationalism
Empiricism
Intuitionism
Cultural Theory Types H ____
Committed to protecting existing power structures that protect their interests
Discounts environmental risks because this would impact indictment of competence of societal elites
Hierarchists
Cultural Theory Types I ____
Fear restrictions, discounts risk to avoid restrictions
Individualist
Cultural Theory Types E ____
High levels of concern about social injustice, suspicion of authority.
View environmental risks as unacceptable. Two important sources of social inequality
Egalitarian
Cultural Theory Types F ____
Highly disengaged and believe it is out of their control. Indifferent to risk.
Fatalist
Heberlein (2012) – old attitudes towards the environment often die out due to
C_____ e____
P_____ e____ (e.g. natural disaster, war)
Cohort effects Period effects (e.g. natural disaster, war)
Animism refers to the belief that
elements of the natural world are imbued with a spiritual essence
Have western world views occurred recently or a very long time ago?
recently
Who was an important figure in preservation in the U.S. M____
Muir
anthropocene
Some scholars even propose the designation of a new geologic era, the “Anthropocene,” to signify the scale at which human activity is altering the planet
Environmental historians refer to the 1970s as______________
the “green decade”
In _____, Gaylord Nelson sponsored the first _______, a teach-in about environmental issues.
A
1965; earth day
B
1983; earth day
C
1970: earth day
D
1988; public holiday
C
1970: earth day
Who authored the book “Silent Spring” and the “Seas around us”, and was instrumental in the banning of DDT in the U.S?
A
Aldo Leopold
B
Rachel Carson
C
Ellen Swallow Richards
D
John Muir
Rachel Carson - first author to discuss the link between pollution and compromised health
Who created the Civilian Conservation Corps - CCC - what some consider “the single greatest conservation program in America”?
A
Franklin Roosevelt
B
John Muir
C
Theodore Roosevelt
D
Gifford Pinchot
A Franklin Roosevelt - Teddy Roosevelts third cousin
created jobs for unemployed men
built fire towers and road, improved streams, protected natural habitat and planning trees.
Who is credited with introducing the word ‘ecology’ into the English language?
A
Gifford Pinchot
B
John James Audubon
C
Ellen Swallow Richards
D
John Muir
C
Ellen Swallow Richards
adaptive features are
those that enhanced survival and reproduction, enabling transmission of those features to offspring
