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Science 10 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a producer? Give an example.

A

A producer is an organism that produces food in the form of carbohydrates during photosynthesis.

example; sunflowers

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2
Q

What is a consumer? Give an example.

A

A consumer is an organism that feeds on other organisms.

example; bees

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3
Q

What is decomposition?

A

Decomposition is the breaking down of organic wastes and dead organisms.

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4
Q

What is biodegradation?

A

Biodegradation is the process where living organisms (such as bacteria) break down dead organic matter.

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5
Q

What do decomposers do?

A

Decomposers change wastes and dead organisms into usable nutrients. The nutrients is put back into the soil for organisms.

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6
Q

What is a food chain?

A

A food chain is a model thats shows the flow of energy from plant to animal and from animal to animal.

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7
Q

What is a trophic level?

A

A trophic level is each step in a food chain.

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8
Q

Give an example of an aquatic food chain. List primary producers to tertiary consumers.

A

algae, krill, crab, sea otter

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9
Q

What are detrivores and how do they get their energy? Give an example.

A

Detrivores are consumers that get their energy and nutrients by eating the dead animals, dead plants, and animal waste.

example; earthworms

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10
Q

What are the two names for the first trophic level?

A

1) Primary producers

2) Plants

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11
Q

What are two names for the second trophic level?

A

1) Primary consumers

2) Herbivores

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12
Q

What are two names for the third trophic level?

A

1) Secondary consumers

2) Carnivores

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13
Q

What are two names for the fourth trophic level?

A

1) Tertiary consumers

2) Top carnivores

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14
Q

What are herbivores, Give an example.

A

Herbivores are primary consumers that eat plants.

example; grasshoppers

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15
Q

What is a carnivore? Give an example.

A

Carnivores are secondary consumers that eat primary consumers.

example; spotted frog

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16
Q

What are omnivores? Give an example.

A

Omnivores are consumers that eat both plants and animals.

example; humans

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17
Q

Give 3 examples as to why 90% of energy is lost from one trophic level to another.

A

1) digesting food
2) repair damaged tissues
3) move around
4) food remains undigested and is excreted as feces
5) body heat

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18
Q

What is a food pyramid?

A

A food pyramid is a model that shows the loss of energy from one trophic level to another.

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19
Q

What are three types of food pyramids?

A

1) pyramid of biomass
2) pyramid of numbers
3) pyramid of energy

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20
Q

What is energy flow?

A

The flow of energy from an ecosystem to an organism and from one organism to another.

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21
Q

How do fungi decompose leaves?

A

Fungi’s finger-like projections invade leaf tissue and secrete enzymes that break down leaf tissues and cellulose (a chemical found in plant cell walls) into smaller nutrients.

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22
Q

What is biomass?

A

Biomass refers to the number of living plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria in an area.

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23
Q

What are two ways every organism interacts with it’s ecosystem?

A

1) the organism gets food from the ecosystem

2) the organism gives energy to the ecosystem

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24
Q

Give an example of a decomposer.

A

bacteria and fungi

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25
Q

Give an example of a terrestrial food chain. List primary producers to tertiary consumers.

A

bunchgrass, grasshopper, spotted frog, red-tailed hawk

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26
Q

Name the food pyramid from first trophic level to the fourth, producers to top carnivores

A

producers, herbivores, carnivores, top carnivores

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27
Q

Why is maintaining the plant life important to an ecosystem?

A

Maintaining the plant life of ecosystems are important because the energy of organisms within an ecosystem all rely on the plants.

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28
Q

What are nutrients?

A

Nutrients are chemicals that are essential to plant and animal growth.

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29
Q

What are stores?

A

Stores are places where nutrients are accumulated for short or long periods of time.

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30
Q

What are 3 different stores?

A

Earth’s atmosphere, land, and ocean.

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31
Q

What are nutrient cycles?

A

Nutrient cycles are the continuous flow of nutrients going in and out of stores.

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32
Q

How do humans activities affect nutrient cycles?

A

Humans increase the amount of nutrients in the cycle faster than natural abiotic and biotic processes can move them back to the stores.

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33
Q

Where is nitrogen found?

A

Nitrogen is found in proteins and DNA.

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34
Q

Why is carbon essential to living organisms?

A

Carbon is essential to chemical reactions that sustain life, such as cellular respiration.

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35
Q

What is the largest store of carbon?

A

Marine sediments and sedimentary rock.

36
Q

What are 6 natural processes that move carbon through the ecosystem?

A

1) photosynthesis
2) respiration
3) decomposition
4) ocean processes
5) volcanic eruptions
6) forest fires

37
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

Photosynthesis is a chemical reaction that converts solar energy into chemical energy.

energy (sunlight) + 6 CO2 + 6 H2O –> C6H12O6 + 6 O2

38
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

Cellular respiration is the process where plants and animals release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

C6H12O6 (carbohydrates) + 6 O2 –> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy

39
Q

What are the 5 steps to ocean mixing?

A

1) carbon dioxide dissolves in cold ocean waters found at high latitudes
2) cold water sinks and moves slowly towards the tropics
3) in the tropics, the water rises as it warms
4) carbon is released into the tropical atmosphere
5) ocean currents carry the warm water back towards polar areas

40
Q

What is the main form of carbon in the atmosphere?

A

Carbon dioxide, which is a greenhouse gas.

41
Q

Why is nitrogen essential to survival?

A

Nitrogen is essential as it is an important part of DNA and protein.

42
Q

What is the largest store of nitrogen?

A

The largest store of nitrogen s the atmosphere, where it exists as nitrogen gas.

43
Q

What are 3 processes that make nitrogen available to plant and animals?

A

1) nitrogen fixation
2) nitrification
3) uptake

44
Q

What is nitrogen fixation?

A

Nitrogen fixation is the process where nitrogen gas is converted into nitrate or ammonium.

45
Q

In what 3 places does nitrogen fixation occur?

A

1) atmosphere
2) soil
3) water bodies

46
Q

What is an example of a nitrogen-fixing bacteria and where is it found?

A

Rhizobium is found in the root nodules of legumes and other plants.

47
Q

What is the symbiotic relationship between legumes and nitrogen-fixing bacteria?

A

The legumes give nitrogen-fixing bacteria with sugars, and the bacteria give plants nitrogen in the form of ammonium.

48
Q

What are cyanobacteria?

A

Cyanobacteria are blue-green bacteria that make their own food during photosynthesis.

49
Q

What is nitrification?

A

Nitrification is a process where ammonium is converted to nitrate.

50
Q

What is uptake?

A

Uptake follows nitrification, once nitrate is made by the nitrifying bacteria, nitrates enter plant roots are and incorporated into plant proteins.

51
Q

What is denitrification?

A

Denitrification is the process where denitrifying bacteria converts nitrate back into nitrogen gas.

52
Q

What are 3 ways nitrogen is returned to the atmosphere?

A

1) denitrification
2) volcanic ash
3) nitrogen oxide gases

53
Q

What happens to excess nitrate and ammonium?

A

Nitrate and ammonium that are not taken up by plants mix with rainwater and run-off into bodies of water. The unused nitrogen settles to the bottoms of oceans, lakes, or rivers in sediments. The sediments will then form rock.

54
Q

What human activities affect the nitrogen cycle?

A

1) burning of fossil fuels
2) power plant
3) vehicles

55
Q

What is leaching?

A

Leaching is when water runs over soil without being dissolved into it.

56
Q

What is eutrophication?

A

Eutrophication is the process where excess nutrients increase plant growth and decay.

57
Q

Why is phosphorus essential to survival?

A

Phosphorus is essential to bone and root development.

58
Q

What is weathering?

A

weathering is the process of breaking down rock into smaller fragments.

59
Q

What are two types of weathering?

A

Chemical weathering and physical weathering.

60
Q

What is chemical weathering?

A

Chemical weathering is when a chemical reaction causes phosphate rock to break down and release phosphate into soil.

61
Q

What is physical weathering?

A

Physical weathering is a process where wind, rain, and freezing release particles of rock and phosphate into soil.

62
Q

What is geologic uplift?

A

Geologic uplift is the process of mountain building in which the Earth’s crust folds, and buried rock layers are exposed.

63
Q

What is an example of changes in nutrient cycles affecting biodiversity in BC?

A

the Fraser River sockeye are sensitive to temperature changes. When the water is warmer than normal, this may reduce their ability to swim and can cause death.

64
Q

What are amphibians? Give an example.

A

Amphibians are vertebrates that can live in two different environments.

example; frogs

65
Q

What is the cause for amphibians that are mutated?

A

exposure to pesticides, increased doses of ultraviolet radiation, or pollution.

66
Q

What is bioaccumulation?

A

Bioaccumulation is the gradual build-up of synthetic and organic chemicals in living organisms.

67
Q

How do chemicals enter organisms?

A

skin, food, breathing

68
Q

What are keystone species?

A

Keystone species are species that can greatly affect population numbers and the health of an ecosystem.

69
Q

What is the keystone species of BC forests? Why?

A

The keystone species of BC forests are bears because they eat salmon and bring the decaying bodies into the forest soil creating nutrients.

70
Q

What is the keystone species of BC lakes?

A

salmon

71
Q

What is biomagnification?

A

Biomagnification is the process in which chemicals accumulate and become more concentrated at each trophic level.

72
Q

What are PCBs and what were they used for?

A

Polychlorinated biphenyls are synthetic chemicals that were used for industrial products.

73
Q

What are POPs?

A

Persistent organic pollutants are carbon-containing compounds. Usually in the form of insecticide sprays.

74
Q

What are DDTs?

A

Dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane is a POP that was used to control disease-carrying mosquitoes.

75
Q

What are chemical accumulations measured in?

A

PPM, parts per million

76
Q

What 3 body systems can be affected by chemicals?

A

1) immune system
2) nervous system
3) reproductive system

77
Q

What are heavy metals?

A

Heavy metals are metallic elements with a high density that are toxic to organisms at low concentrations.

78
Q

What are the 3 most polluting heavy metals?

A

1) lead
2) mercury
3) cadmium

79
Q

What were 3 objects lead was used in the past?

A

1) insecticides
2) paint
3) gas

80
Q

What are harmful effects of lead in humans?

A 
anemia
nervous system damage
sterility in men
low fertility rates in women
impaired mental development
kidney failure
81
Q

What is the relationship between cadmium and smoking?

A

Tobacco plants easily absorb cadmium. The cadmium accumulates in the lungs causing lung disease (cancer).

82
Q

What are harmful effects of cadmium in humans?

A

infertility

damage to the nervous system, immune system, and DNA.

83
Q

What are harmful effects of mercury in humans?

A

affects nerve cells, heart, kidneys, lungs and suppresses immune system.

84
Q

What are two ways to reduce the effect of chemical pollution?

A

1) trapping the contaminate in the soil

2) bioremediation

85
Q

What is bioremediation?

A

Bioremediation is the use of living organisms to clean-up naturally.

86
Q

What is an example of an organism that goes through bioremediation?

A

juniper trees

87
Q

Why are heavy metals harmful to the environment?

A

Heavy metals are harmful because they bioaccumulate in organisms as they are taken through the food chain, and they cannot be destroyed.

Science 10 (9 decks)

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