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Science 10 > chapter 12 > Flashcards

chapter 12 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the continental drift?

A

states that the continents drifted to their present location over millions of years.

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2
Q

Who proposed the idea of the continental drift?

A

German scientist, Alfred Wegner.

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3
Q

What is pangaea?

A

“pan” means all, “gaea” means earth. The idea of a supercontinent.

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4
Q

What were the 4 evidences of pangaea?

A

similar rocks
mountain ranges
fossils
patterns of paleoglaciation

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5
Q

What is paleoglaciation?

A

the evidence of ancient glaciers and rock markings left behind.

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6
Q

What are tectonic plates?

A

large, movable slabs of rock that slide over a layer of partly molten rock

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7
Q

What are volcanoes?

A

openings in earth’s surface that spews out gas, chunks of rock, and melted rock.

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8
Q

What are earthquakes?

A

release of built-up energy that shakes the earth’s crust

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9
Q

What is the mid-atlantic ridge?

A

a long mountain range running north to south down middle of atlantic ocean floor.

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10
Q

What is magnetic reversal?

A

When Earth’s magnetic fields direction reverses

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11
Q

What is paleomagnetism?

A

The study of magnetic properties of ancient rocks.

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12
Q

What is magnetic stripping?

A

Indicates that new rock is being laid down on sea floor.

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13
Q

What is sea floor spreading?

A

observed age of ocean rock, sediment thickness, and magnetic stripping.

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14
Q

Who is Harry Hess?

A

american geologist who proposed sea floor spreading

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15
Q

What is a spreading ridge?

A

a gap in sea floor that gradually widens as tectonic plates more apart.

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16
Q

What is a hot spot?

A

an area where molten rock rises to earth’s surface

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17
Q

Who proposed the idea of hot spot?

A

Canadian geologist J. Tuzo Wilson

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18
Q

HOw are volcanic islands formed?

A

when tectonic plates pass over a stationary hot spot.

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19
Q

What are the 4 layers of the earth?

A

crust
mantle
outer core
inner core

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20
Q

Describe the crust.

A

made of solid, brittle rock.
contains granite and basalt.
5-60km thick.

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21
Q

Describe the upper mantle.

A

made of partly molten rock.
contains magnesium and iron.
660km thick.

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22
Q

Describe the lower mantle.

A

made of solid dense material.
contains magnesium and iron.
2225km thick.

23
Q

Describe the outer core.

A

made of liquid.
contains iron and nickel.
2270km thick.

24
Q

Describe the inner core.

A

made of solid.
contains iron and nickel.
1216km thick.

25
Q

What is the lithosphere?

A

a layer of earth made of the crust and upper mantle.

26
Q

What is the athenosphere?

A

partly molten layer in upper mantle

27
Q

What is mantle convection?

A

When hotter, less dense regions material in mantle rise, cool, and sinks again to be reheated.

28
Q

What is a spreading ridge/oceanic ridge?

A

Spreading centres in ocean

29
Q

What is a rift valley?

A

spreading centres on land.

30
Q

What is a ridge push?

A

the process where new material at a ridge or rift push old material away.

31
Q

What is subduction?

A

the action of one plate pushing below another.

32
Q

What is slab pull?

A

the pulling of a tectonic plate as its edge subducts deep into the mantle.

33
Q

What is a plate boundary?

A

where two tectonic plates are in contact

34
Q

What are 3 types of plate interactions?

A

divergent
convergent
transform

35
Q

What is divergent?

A

when plates are spreading apart.

36
Q

What is convergent?

A

when plates are colliding

37
Q

What is transform?

A

when plates are sliding past each other.

38
Q

What is oceanic-continental convergence?

A

when a dense oceanic plate slides beneath a continental plate, forming a trench, volcanoes, and mountain ranges.

39
Q

What is oceanic-oceanic convergence?

A

when one plate cools and subducts into the mantle and forms volcanic island arc.

40
Q

What is continental-continental convergence?

A

when rocky plates collide and forms mountain ranges when it’s edges fold and crumple.

41
Q

What is a focus?

A

then location where an earthquake starts.

42
Q

What is the depth of a shallow focus?

A

0-70km

43
Q

What is the depth of an intermediate focus?

A

70-300km

44
Q

What is the depth of a deep focus?

A

greater than 300 km.

45
Q

What is a seismic wave?

A

a vibration that occurs when energy is released by an earthquake.

46
Q

What are the 2 body waves?

A

primary and secondary waves.

47
Q

What are primary waves?

A

the first to arrive
travels at 6km/s
can travel through solid, liquid, and gas

48
Q

What are secondary waves?

A

second to arrive
travels at 3.5km/s
can travel through solids, not liquids

49
Q

What are surface waves?

A

arrives last

rolls along the earth’s surface

50
Q

What is magnitude?

A

a number that rates the strength of an earthquake

51
Q

What are 3 types of volcanoes?

A

composite
shield
rift eruptions

52
Q

What are composite volcanoes?

A

cone shaped
magma is thick and traps gas
frequently erupts

53
Q

What are shield volcanoes?

A

shield shaped
thinner magma
rarely erupts

54
Q

What are rift eruptions?

A

occurs when magma erupts through long cracks in the lithosphere.
not explosive/violent but spews out a lot of lava.

Science 10 (9 decks)

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