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Organ Histo > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

general functions of ct

A

provide structural support and a medium for exchange, defense/protection, storage for adipose

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2
Q

characteristics of ct

A

most derived from mesenchyme, suppoort cells separated by matrix, support cells produce matrix, cells adhere to matrix

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3
Q

important trait of glycoaminoglycans/mucopolysaccharides

A

hydrophilic

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4
Q

GAGs that are covalently bonded to proteins

A

sulfated (keratin sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, etc)

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5
Q

large molecule (100-10000s kDa), forms dense molecular network, holds a lot of WATER, and important for DIFFUSION

A

non-sulfated GAGs (hyaluronic acid)

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6
Q

positive impact of inflammation

A

increased fluidity and cell movement, increases the number of defensive cells

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7
Q

negative impact of inflammation

A

excessive swelling can damage blood vessels, nerves, and cells.

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8
Q

protein core with many sulfated GAGs attached

A

proteoglycan

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9
Q

examples of adhesive glycoproteins

A

laminin, fibronectin

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10
Q

most common ct protein

A

collagen

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11
Q

collagen that accounts for 90 percent

A

type 1

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12
Q

syndrome stemming from defective or reduced collagen, symptoms include unstable joints hypermobile, and easily dislocated

A

ehlers-danlos

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13
Q

elastic which is produced by elastin and microfibrils is commonly produced by these

A

fibroblasts and smooth muscle

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14
Q

hereditary condition characterized by undeveloped elastic fibers resulting in irregular gate, tall lean body, abnormal flexibility, AORTIC ANEURYSM

A

marfan’s syndrome

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15
Q

fibers that are the same as collagen III

A

reticular

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16
Q

reticular fibers are common in these places

A

liver, bone marrow, and lymph nodes

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17
Q

only fiber NOT affected by aging

A

reticular

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18
Q

what is the first fiber produced during wound healing

A

reticular

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19
Q

fibroblasts are usually derived from these cells

A

mesenchyme

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20
Q

very important cell type in ct

A

fibroblast

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21
Q

cells that produce and maintain matrix

A

fibroblasts

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22
Q

fibroblasts aid in healing by doing these two things

A

produce growth factors and scar formation

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23
Q

scars are only ___ as strong as original tissue and are made of this

A

70%, dense irregular ct

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24
Q

defensive functions of fibroblasts

A

produce cytokines, enzymes, and can phagocytize

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25
Q

mature less active fibroblast and can produce these substances

A

HA, ground substance and reticular fibers

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26
Q

fibrocyte CANNOT produce these substances

A

new collage I and elastic fiber

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27
Q

cell that posses features of both fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells

A

myofibroblast

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28
Q

primary functions of myofibroblasts

A

wound healing and tooth eruption

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29
Q

cells that are derived from mesenchyme cells producing preadipocytes

A

adipocytes

30
Q

adipoctyes regulate energy metabolism by producing this

A

leptin (satiety hormone)

31
Q

plasma cells are derived from this and what is their function

A

B lymphocytes and immunoglobulins (antibody) production

32
Q

large cells with an indented or kideny bean shaped nucleus often contain residual bodies in their cytoplasm

A

macrophages (histiocytes)

33
Q

macrophages are derived from this and can divide

A

monocyte

34
Q

a very important defensive cell

A

macrophage (part of the mononuclear phagocyte system)

35
Q

name for the permanent fusion of many macrophages

A

foreign body giant cells

36
Q

large cells that contain cytoplasmic granules

A

mast

37
Q

functions of mast cells

A

inflammation, immediate hypersensitivity response, anaphylaxis, asthma

38
Q

effects of histamine released by mast cells

A

increase permeability of capillaries and venules, vasodilation of arterioles, contraction of visceral smooth muscle

39
Q

effects of heparin released by mast cells

A

binds to and inactivates histamine

40
Q

effect of Eosinophil Chemotactic Factor released by mast cells

A

attracts eosinophils

41
Q

functions of eosinophils

A

inhibit leukotrienes, produce factor that inhibits mast cell degranulation, phagocytize IgE, secretes histaminase

42
Q

affects of neutrophil chemotactic factor NCF

A

attracts neutrophils

43
Q

effects of leukotrienes

A

same as histamine but much more powerful, will extend and amplify the effects of histamine

44
Q

stimuli that activate mast cells

A

direct mast cell trauma, phagocytosis, IgE allergin complex, complement process

45
Q

elicits IgE formation which bonds to mast cells, some degranulation, memory cells (B&T) are produced

A

first exposure, primary immune response

46
Q

allergin binds to sensitized mast cells and mast cells degranulate, reaction is quicker and longe rlasting

A

second exposure, secondary immune response

47
Q

stimulus for an immediate hypersensitivity reesponse

A

IgE/allergen complex

48
Q

resoponse stimulated by massive IgE production, leading to systemic mast cell and basophil degranulation and secretion`

A

anaphylaxis

49
Q

type of asthma were allergin is unkown and often has and adult onset, may follow respiratory illness

A

intrinsic

50
Q

type of asthma where allergins are in the air and often known, usually childhood onset

A

extrinsic

51
Q

asthma is stimulated by these two things

A

IgE allergin complex, or secondary factors: fatigue, endocrine changes, odors, emotions

52
Q

primary problem and secondary difficulties of asthma

A

release of leukotrienes, difficulties caused by inglammation in the lungs

53
Q

monocytes become this in ct

A

macrophages

54
Q

neutrophils (60-70% of leukocytes) phagocytize and are attracted to sites of ______ inflammation

A

acute

55
Q

eosinophils combat parasitic worm larvae and are attracted to sites of ____ inflammation

A

allergic

56
Q

basophils are similar to these cells and initiate, maintain & influence inflammation

A

mast

57
Q

lymphocytes are attracted to sites of ___ inflammation

A

chronic

58
Q

cell type that is equivalent to adult stem cells

A

mesenchyme

59
Q

reticular cells function

A

to make reticular fibers when needed on a permanent basis

60
Q

characteristics of loose ct

A

large number of cells and types, fewer fibers, increased amount of ground substance, quite vascular

61
Q

ct found in greater and lesser omenta as well as a filler ct for blood vessels

A

loos areolar

62
Q

ct found in papillary layer of dermis and beneath epithelium in organs

A

loose irregular

63
Q

characteristics of dense connective tissue

A

fewer cells and types, many fibers, decreased amounts of ground substance, less vascular

64
Q

ct found in reticular layer of dermis and nerve sheaths and organ capsules

A

dense irregular

65
Q

ct found in tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses

A

dense regular

66
Q

mc type of adipose, primary cell type uniocular white adipocytes, located around kideny and heart, whithin liver

A

white

67
Q

tissue functions of adipose

A

store energy, thermoregulation, protect/cushion organs

68
Q

functions in break-down of TGs,

A

lipase

69
Q

obesity where existing adipocytes increase in size

A

adult-onset

70
Q

type of obesity where numbers of adipocytes can increase as well s size

A

childhood

71
Q

adipose where adipoctyes are smaller and multiocular, very limited amounts in adults, numbers increasae with cold, function in thermogenesis

A

brown

Organ Histo (6 decks)

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