Chapter 2 Flashcards
general functions of ct
provide structural support and a medium for exchange, defense/protection, storage for adipose
characteristics of ct
most derived from mesenchyme, suppoort cells separated by matrix, support cells produce matrix, cells adhere to matrix
important trait of glycoaminoglycans/mucopolysaccharides
hydrophilic
GAGs that are covalently bonded to proteins
sulfated (keratin sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, etc)
large molecule (100-10000s kDa), forms dense molecular network, holds a lot of WATER, and important for DIFFUSION
non-sulfated GAGs (hyaluronic acid)
positive impact of inflammation
increased fluidity and cell movement, increases the number of defensive cells
negative impact of inflammation
excessive swelling can damage blood vessels, nerves, and cells.
protein core with many sulfated GAGs attached
proteoglycan
examples of adhesive glycoproteins
laminin, fibronectin
most common ct protein
collagen
collagen that accounts for 90 percent
type 1
syndrome stemming from defective or reduced collagen, symptoms include unstable joints hypermobile, and easily dislocated
ehlers-danlos
elastic which is produced by elastin and microfibrils is commonly produced by these
fibroblasts and smooth muscle
hereditary condition characterized by undeveloped elastic fibers resulting in irregular gate, tall lean body, abnormal flexibility, AORTIC ANEURYSM
marfan’s syndrome
fibers that are the same as collagen III
reticular
reticular fibers are common in these places
liver, bone marrow, and lymph nodes
only fiber NOT affected by aging
reticular
what is the first fiber produced during wound healing
reticular
fibroblasts are usually derived from these cells
mesenchyme
very important cell type in ct
fibroblast
cells that produce and maintain matrix
fibroblasts
fibroblasts aid in healing by doing these two things
produce growth factors and scar formation
scars are only ___ as strong as original tissue and are made of this
70%, dense irregular ct
defensive functions of fibroblasts
produce cytokines, enzymes, and can phagocytize
mature less active fibroblast and can produce these substances
HA, ground substance and reticular fibers
fibrocyte CANNOT produce these substances
new collage I and elastic fiber
cell that posses features of both fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells
myofibroblast
primary functions of myofibroblasts
wound healing and tooth eruption
cells that are derived from mesenchyme cells producing preadipocytes
adipocytes
adipoctyes regulate energy metabolism by producing this
leptin (satiety hormone)
plasma cells are derived from this and what is their function
B lymphocytes and immunoglobulins (antibody) production
large cells with an indented or kideny bean shaped nucleus often contain residual bodies in their cytoplasm
macrophages (histiocytes)
macrophages are derived from this and can divide
monocyte
a very important defensive cell
macrophage (part of the mononuclear phagocyte system)
name for the permanent fusion of many macrophages
foreign body giant cells
large cells that contain cytoplasmic granules
mast
functions of mast cells
inflammation, immediate hypersensitivity response, anaphylaxis, asthma
effects of histamine released by mast cells
increase permeability of capillaries and venules, vasodilation of arterioles, contraction of visceral smooth muscle
effects of heparin released by mast cells
binds to and inactivates histamine
effect of Eosinophil Chemotactic Factor released by mast cells
attracts eosinophils
functions of eosinophils
inhibit leukotrienes, produce factor that inhibits mast cell degranulation, phagocytize IgE, secretes histaminase
affects of neutrophil chemotactic factor NCF
attracts neutrophils
effects of leukotrienes
same as histamine but much more powerful, will extend and amplify the effects of histamine
stimuli that activate mast cells
direct mast cell trauma, phagocytosis, IgE allergin complex, complement process
elicits IgE formation which bonds to mast cells, some degranulation, memory cells (B&T) are produced
first exposure, primary immune response
allergin binds to sensitized mast cells and mast cells degranulate, reaction is quicker and longe rlasting
second exposure, secondary immune response
stimulus for an immediate hypersensitivity reesponse
IgE/allergen complex
resoponse stimulated by massive IgE production, leading to systemic mast cell and basophil degranulation and secretion`
anaphylaxis
type of asthma were allergin is unkown and often has and adult onset, may follow respiratory illness
intrinsic
type of asthma where allergins are in the air and often known, usually childhood onset
extrinsic
asthma is stimulated by these two things
IgE allergin complex, or secondary factors: fatigue, endocrine changes, odors, emotions
primary problem and secondary difficulties of asthma
release of leukotrienes, difficulties caused by inglammation in the lungs
monocytes become this in ct
macrophages
neutrophils (60-70% of leukocytes) phagocytize and are attracted to sites of ______ inflammation
acute
eosinophils combat parasitic worm larvae and are attracted to sites of ____ inflammation
allergic
basophils are similar to these cells and initiate, maintain & influence inflammation
mast
lymphocytes are attracted to sites of ___ inflammation
chronic
cell type that is equivalent to adult stem cells
mesenchyme
reticular cells function
to make reticular fibers when needed on a permanent basis
characteristics of loose ct
large number of cells and types, fewer fibers, increased amount of ground substance, quite vascular
ct found in greater and lesser omenta as well as a filler ct for blood vessels
loos areolar
ct found in papillary layer of dermis and beneath epithelium in organs
loose irregular
characteristics of dense connective tissue
fewer cells and types, many fibers, decreased amounts of ground substance, less vascular
ct found in reticular layer of dermis and nerve sheaths and organ capsules
dense irregular
ct found in tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses
dense regular
mc type of adipose, primary cell type uniocular white adipocytes, located around kideny and heart, whithin liver
white
tissue functions of adipose
store energy, thermoregulation, protect/cushion organs
functions in break-down of TGs,
lipase
obesity where existing adipocytes increase in size
adult-onset
type of obesity where numbers of adipocytes can increase as well s size
childhood
adipose where adipoctyes are smaller and multiocular, very limited amounts in adults, numbers increasae with cold, function in thermogenesis
brown
