Chapter 2 Flashcards
proposed a theory in which body parts arose independently from the ground describing organisms
Greek Philosopher Empedocles
argued that if individuals assembled from parts that were unable to function together, they would go extinct
Empedocles
wrote that if h had seen farther than others, it was only “ by standing on the shoulders of giants”
Isaac Newton
Phylogeny shows
systematics
Proposed that the sun and moon were physical objects
methodological naturalism
Anaximander
among the first to develop a philosophy of a natural world driven by physical laws to replace supernatural world driven by divine action
nature instead of divine whim
Anaximander
developed explanations based on natural instead of supernatural phenomenon
Anaximander
methodological naturalism
the strategy of trying to explain the world based solely on natural phenomenon
is the heart of evolutionary biology
recognized the significance of testing a hypothesis
Aristotle
Wrote , Natural History of Animals
Aristotle
said we must accept a general principle from logic only but must prove its application to each with facts, principles must agree with facts, if not we have to start over
Aristotle
said men had more teeth than wemon
Aristotle
noted plants occurred before animals
Empedocles
concluded that rocks in mountains must have been underwater
Xenophanes (570-470 BCE)
universe had been created -Oct. 23, 4004 BCE, preformed complex calculations based on old testament
• James Ussher (1581-1656)
– based on heat – 75,000 to 2-3 Million
• Georges-Louis Leclerc comte Buffon (1707-1788)
based on strata, erosion, etc. – inconceivably old
• James Hutton (1726-1797)–
Had a famous book, Principles of geology, being an attempt to explain the former changes of the earths surface, by reference to causes now in operation
UNIFORMATISM ex erosion from dirt puddles
Charles Lyell
whith his books, physics and natural history of animals the field of natural history was born
Aristotle
spontaneous generation- the idea that complex life-forms arise, repeatedly from nonliving matter
ex/ frogs from mud bc frogs appeared after rain came
Aristotle
fly, meat example
live can not come from non life
Fransico Redi
March of Progress. Early Man. Time Life Books
Rudolph Zallinger in Howell, 1965
– Chain of being
Each link fixed
Middle ages – link from inanimate organisms to angels.
Humans both physical and spiritual
Aristotle Idea
Developed modern classification scheme
Believed species immutable
Documenting God’s plan
Linnaeus
Wrote Book of Animals
Al-Jahiz
“Animals engage in a struggle for existence; for resources, to avoid being eaten and to breed. Environmental factors influence organisms to develop new characteristics to ensure survival, thus transforming into new species. Animals that survive to breed can pass on their successful characteristics to offspring”
Al-Jahiz
common morphological features are an expression of relationships
George-Louis Leclerq, Comte de Buffon
struggle for existance
-darwin understood this
the notion that organisms are in a constant struggle to obtain resources and use them to produce more offspring than those around them
wrote Zoonimia Temple of Nature (1803) - developed pattern of descent of modern organisms, perhaps anticipated IAC
Noted struggle for existence, but did not connect it to change
Erasmus Darwin
each species originated from the inheritance of aquired characteristics
Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chavalier de Lamarck
wrote zoological philosophy
Lamarck
On Naval Timber and Arboriculture, 1831
In the notes, he proposed the “circumstance-adaptive law”
Nearly an identical description as Darwin of Natural Selection
Patrick Matthew
Robert Chambers
Publishes vestiges anonymously
presented ideas of new species gradually arising from pre-existing ones
Major Developments that Facilitated Darwin’s Book
- Methodological naturalism from supernatural
- Uniformatism from Catastrophism
- From logic and reason to observation, testing and refutation
- From an unchanging world to an evolving one
- To the idea of species descended from close relatives and not spontaneous generation
2 themes of origin of species
- Descent with modification -
All species (living and extinct) originated from one or a few original forms of life
Species split from common ancestor and slowly gained differences - Natural Selection - the causal agent
” i am convinced that natural selection has been the most important, but not the exclusive means of modification “
darwin
principles of population-humans would outstrip the available resources necessary to sustain themselves, leading to population growth that would be checked by famine, war, and disease.Writings were influential in helping Darwin develop his ideas on natural selection
Thomas Mathus
transformational - the ensemble changes because each individual member changes.
- Lamark
variational process
the ensemble changes because something sorts among the variants in the original ensemble- Darwin
ex/ sifter, and artificial selection
Darwin’s Five Theories of Evolution
- Lineages change over time - proposed before, but Darwin marshaled the evidence.
- Common descent - first to present idea that species shared common ancestors
- Gradualism - slow change (as opposed to rapid change or saltation)
- Populational change - proportions of individuals with certain traits change - new to Darwin
- Natural Selection - adaptations are features that appear “designed” to fit organisms to the environment.
Microevolution
- within species
Macroevolution
- origin of new species and higher taxa
development indicates relationships
ontogeny
–the genetic script reveals patterns found in all life
Genomics
pioneered studies of genetic variation
•Sergei Chetverikov and Theodosius Dobzhansky -
Genetics and the Origin of Species - conveyed ideas to other biologists
•Dobzhansky -
