Chapter 2 Flashcards
Two core tenants of science
1.Universere operates according to certain natural laws
2. Such laws are discoverable and testable
Inductive Reasoning
Inductive reasoning is when you make a general conclusion based on specific examples or observations.
Deductive Reasoning
Deductive reasoning is when you start with a general idea and use it to reach a specific conclusion.
how do psyc conduct research
- Identify and learn topic
2.Develop a hypothisis
3.Select research method, choose participants, and collect the data
4.Analize Data and accept or reject the Hypothesis - Seek scientific review, publish and recipicate
- Build a theory
Correlational Designs
Purpose- used to examin the relationships or assiacions between two or more variables
Method- collect data on the bariable of intrest but do not introduce any interventions or treatments
Design- there is no manipulation of the variable
Causation- Correlational studies cannot establish causation
Hypothosis
what you think will happen, state your prediction in a way that can be testedd and found true or false
Independant Variable
Thought to be the factor in changing another condition/event
Dependant Variable
Variable that you measure or expect to be changed by the independant
Operationalized
How researcher decides to measure the variables
Population
The entire group that is of interest to researchers
Sample
Portion of population that is selected for the study
Data Collection
Collected by-
Survey
Observational Studies
Archival Research
Biometric Analysis
Data Analysis
Analyze collected data using appropriate statistical methods
Positive Correlation
when one variable increases the other variable increases
Negative Correlation
When on variable increases, the other decreases
Replication
repeated testing of a hypothesis to ensure results from experiment are not due to chance
Descriptive Research Methods
Used to describe and summarize data or phenomena without mnanipulating variables or making causal inferences EG) Observation studies, case studys, survey designs
Naturalistic observation
Observing behavior without participant knowing
Pluses- more acurate of human behavior, provides detailed description of behavior
cons- Research bias, and time consuming
Survey design
involved in collecting data through structured questionnaires or interviews from sample population
-can be conducted in person, over the phone, mail, or online.
Descriptive Research
case studies, naturalistic observation, surverys
Experimental research
Manipulation of variables. Idntifies cause/effect.
Ethical Research guidlines
Protect participants from harm and discomfort
Protect confidentiality
Must be volentary
No deception or incomplete discoslure
Provide complete debriefing(revealin information
Ethical Research Guidlines-Animals
Can only be used if providing significant benifit to animals or humans
no other alternative
humane methods
smallest number of animals possible
pain and distress is limited
