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Science Y9 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the atomic and mass number of Lithium(Li)?

A

Atomic number:3
Mass Number:7

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2
Q

What is the atomic and mass number of Beryllium(Be)?

A

Atomic Number:4
Mass number:9

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3
Q

What is the atomic and mass number of Sodium(Na)?

A

Atomic Number:11
Mass Number:23

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4
Q

What is the atomic and mass number of Magnesium(Mg)

A

Atomic Number:12
Mass number:24

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5
Q

What is the atomic and mass number of Potassium(K)?

A

Atomic Number:19
Mass number:39

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6
Q

What is the atomic and mass number of Calcium(Ca)?

A

Atomic number:20
Mass number:40

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7
Q

What is the atomic and mass number of Hydrogen(H)?

A

atomic number:1
mass number:1

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8
Q

What is the atomic and mass number of Boron(B)?

A

atomic number:5
mass number:11

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9
Q

What is the atomic and mass number of Carbon(C)?

A

atomic number:6
mass number: 12

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10
Q

What is the atomic and mass number of Nitrogen(N)?

A

atomic number:7
mass number:14

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11
Q

What is the atomic and mass number of oxygen(O)

A

atomic number:8
mass number:16

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12
Q

What is the atomic and mass number of fluorine(F)

A

atomic number:9
mass number 19

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13
Q

What is the atomic and mass number of helium(He)

A

atomic number:2
mass number:4

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14
Q

What is the atomic and mass number of neon(Ne)

A

atomic number:10
mass number:20

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15
Q

What is the atomic and mass number of aluminium (Al)

A

atomic number:13
mass number:27

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16
Q

What is the atomic and mass number of silicon(Si)?

A

atomic number: 14
mass number:28

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17
Q

What is the atomic and mass number of phosphorus(P)

A

atomic number:15
mass number:31

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18
Q

What is the atomic and mass number of sulfur(S)

A

atomic number:16
mass number:32

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19
Q

What is the atomic and mass number of chlorine(Cl)

A

atomic number:17
mass number:35

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20
Q

What is the atomic and mass number of argon(Ar)

A

atomic number:18
mass number:40

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21
Q

what are electron shells also called

A

energy levels

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22
Q

Which scientist developed Rutherfold’s model further

A

Niels Bohr

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23
Q

What are electrons held in place by

A

electrostatic forces

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24
Q

What is an electrostatic structure

A

the electrons that are arranged in electron shells around the nucleus

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25
Q

what is group 1 in the periodic table

A

alkali metals

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26
Q

what is group 7 in the periodic table

A

halogens

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27
Q

What are group 8 in the periodic table called

A

noble gases

28
Q

What are the properties of group 8 elements

A

They enert(unreactive) and do not form commpounds.

29
Q

Where is the shell with the highest energy level

A

on the outside of the atom

30
Q

what is the shell with the highest energy level called?

A

outermost electron shell

31
Q

when are atoms more stable

A

when outermost electron shell is completely full of electrons

32
Q

why can’t noble gases form compounds

A

in Group 8, the noble gases have their outermost electron shell full, therefore they are unable to form commpounds

33
Q

What are the elements in compounds held together by?

A

chemical bonds

34
Q

What are 2 ways the chemical bonds can be formed?

A

-the atom can lose or gain electrons
- atoms share electrons

35
Q

What happens when an element loses an electron?

A

the element forms an iron

36
Q

what happens to the symbol of sodium when a sodium atom loses an electron

A

it becomes sodium Na+

37
Q

why does sodium become more stable when it loses one electron?

A

the next shell will become the outermost electron shell when the sodium atom loses an electron. The next outermost electron shell is full therefore the atom will be more stable.

38
Q

Elements such as chlorine in group 7 only have seven electrons in its outermost electron shell. To fill its outermost electron shell, what will it do?

A

It will gain an electron and forms a chlorine Ion.

39
Q

What happens when the chlorine atom with only seven atoms in its outermost electron shell becomes full

A

It will become a chlorine ion, it becomes more stable than the chlorine atom

40
Q

What is the symbol of chlorine Ion( the outermost electron shell just had been filled from 7 to 8)

A

Cl-

41
Q

Where is the shell with the highest energy

A

at the outermost electron shell

42
Q

Why do elements react together to form compound?

A

Elements that does not have their outermost electron shells full, they form aa compound to fill the outermost electron shell

43
Q

What are compounds held by

A

chemical bonds

44
Q

how can chemical bonds be formed

A
  1. atoms lose or gain electrons
    2.atoms share electrons
45
Q

If the sodium atom with 11 positive and 11 negative charge loses one electron and

becomes a sodium ion with 11 positive charge and 10 negative,

what is the symbol and electronic structure for sodium ion?

A

Na+
[2,8]+

46
Q

if the chlorine atom with 17 negative charge and 17 positive charge gains one electron and becomes a chlorine ion

this means 17 positive charges but 18 negative charges

what is the symbol and electronic structure

A

Cl-
[2,8,8]-

47
Q

Why is potassium more reactive than lithium and sodium

A

The electrons on the outermost shell of the potassium element is furthest away from the proton, therefore it makes it easier for it to escape

48
Q

Why is fluorine more reactive than chlorine?

A

The electron on the outermost shell of fluorine is closeest to the proton so an additional electron is attracted by the electrostatic forces more readily than in chlorine

49
Q

how are ionic compounds formed

A

they form when a metal reacts with non metal

50
Q

what happens when magnesium with 12 electrons form an ionic compound with chlorine which each chlorine atoms have 17 electrons

A

The magnesium loses 2 electrons from its outermost shell and forms a magnesium ion. Two chlorine atom gains one electron and become two chlorine ion(2 Cl-)

51
Q

How are molecules formed

A

when atoms share a pair of electrons

52
Q

Give an example of a molecule forming

A

a hydrogen atom has one electron and its outermost electron shell and it only requires one more to be full while chlorine has 7 in its outermost electron shell

the atoms share a pair of electrons so both have their outermost electron shells full of electrons

a molecule of hydrogen chloride is formed and the formula is (HCl)

53
Q

what is a dot and cross diagram

A

one atom’s electron is a dot and another atom’s electron is a cross

54
Q

What do you call chemical bond where electrons are shared

A

covalent bond

55
Q

how are covalent molecules formed

A

When atoms of different non-metals join together to form compounds and when atoms of the ame non-metal join together

56
Q

Give an example of a covalent molecules formed

A

Hydrogen and hydrogen

two atoms of hydrogen join together to form a molecule of hydrogen.

Both hydrogen atoms has only one electron but needs 2 to fill its outermost shell

The hydrogen share a pair of electrons so both atoms have two electrons in the outermost electron shell to fill it and become more stable

A molecule of hydrogen is formed and the formula is written as H₂

57
Q

A molecule of hydrogen is formed. What is the formula written as

A

H₂

58
Q

How is the covalent compound ammonia formed

A

When hydrogen and nitrogen share three pairs of electrons

59
Q

A stable molecule of ammonia is formed what is its formula?

A

NH₃

60
Q

Sodium Chloride forms a giant structure known as___

A

lattice

61
Q

How is sodium chloride formed?

A

The Ions of sodium and chlorine have equal and opposite electrical charges so they are strongly attaracted to one another.

62
Q

What do you call the forces between the moleculees

A

intermolecular forces

63
Q

What matrial is used for the lead of the pencil

A

Graphite

64
Q

Why do Ionic substances have high melting and boiling points

A

This is because the very strong electrostatic forces holding the ions toggether

65
Q

Why do covalent substances made from simple molecules have low melting points and boiling points

A

Although the forces holding the molecules are strong, the forces between the molecules, the intermolecular forces are weak.

This means that only a small amount of energy is needed to overcome these forces to melt or boil them

66
Q

Why can ionic compounds conduct electricity

A

The ions have an electrical charge, the ions must be free to move and carry the electrical charge

67
Q

Can covalent substances made from simple molecules conduct electricity?

A

No

Science Y9 (6 decks)

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