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Science > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Stress

A

Force exerted when an object presses on, pulls on, or pushes against another object

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1
Q

Fault

A

Fracture or break in Earth’s lithosphere where blocks of rock move past eachother

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2
Q

Earthquake

A

Shaking of the ground caused by a sudden movement of large blocks along a fault

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3
Q

What is the direction of a strike slip fault?

A

Scrape past eachother in opposite directions

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4
Q

Strike slip fault

A

Moves horizontally
Like transform
Shallow earthquake

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5
Q

Normal fault

A

Moves apart
Like divergent
Moves vertically
Shallow and intermediate earthquakes

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6
Q

Reverse fault

A

Pushes together
Like convergent
Moves vertically
All types of earthquakes

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7
Q

Where are most earthquakes common?

A

Near places with big populations, along tectonic plate boundaries

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8
Q

Why do most earthquakes occur at tectonic plate boundaries?

A

That’s where faults are located

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9
Q

Seismic waves

A

Vibrations caused by an earthquake, how energy travels

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10
Q

Focus

A

Point underground where rocks first begin to move

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11
Q

Epicenter

A

Point on Earth’s surface directly above the focus

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12
Q

Seismograph

A

Instrument that records ground movement

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13
Q

Seismogram

A

The record made by a seismograph in response to ground motions

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14
Q

P wave

A

Primary wave
Goes in a straight line
Arrives first
Push and pull movement

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15
Q

S wave

A

Secondary wave
Up and down movement
Arrives second
Goes in a zig zag motion

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16
Q

Surface waves

A

Arrive last
On the surface
Waves move up and down like S wave

17
Q

How are shallow focuses different from deep focuses?

A

A shallow focus causes more damage because it’s closer to the land.

18
Q

Which waves are the most powerful?

A

Surface

19
Q

What do the wiggles on a seismogram indicate?

A

How powerful the earthquake was

20
Q

What can scientists learn from studying seismograms?

A

The location and strength

21
Q

How many different seismic stations are needed to locate the epicenter?

A

3 each station must determine the distance of the earthquake

22
Q

Seismic gap

A

A segment of an active fault known to produce significant earthquakes

23
Q

Aftershock

A

A smaller earthquake that follows a more powerful one in the same area

24
Q

Liquefaction

A

Where shaking of the ground causes soil to act like a liquid

25
Q

Tsunami

A

Giant water wave triggered by an earthquake, volcanic eruption, or landslide

26
Q

Name four damages done by earthquakes

A 
Fires 
Landslides
Tsunamis
Aftershocks
Liquefaction
Avalanche
27
Q

What are the two types of magnitude scales?

A

Richter scales calculate how fast the ground moves at a seismic station
Moment magnitude scales were used before Richter scales were invented. They can measure the strength

28
Q

When are earthquakes most dangerous?

A

When they occur where a lot of people live

29
Q

As a tsunami reaches shallower water around an island or continent what happens?

A

The tsunami slows when water gets shallower. The water level rises.

30
Q

Why do the areas with the most risk are close together instead of spread out?

A

They’re by the same active fault

31
Q

What are earthquake resistant methods?

A 
Shear walls
Shear core 
Base isolator 
Moat
Cross braces
32
Q

Base isolators do what?

A

Absorb the ground motion

33
Q

Moats do what

A

Let the building shake more gently

34
Q

Shear walls and core

A

Stop the walls from shaking and add strength to it

35
Q

Cross braces

A

They help the structure keep its shape while being shaken

36
Q

A subduction zone is which type of fault?

A

Reverse

37
Q

Three characteristics of tsunamis

A

Tall
Dangerous
Powerful
Fast

38
Q

What can scientists predict about earthquakes?

A

Risk in an area

39
Q

Why can’t scientists predict earthquakes?

A

They don’t know exactly when it’s going to happen

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