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Psychopathology 4430 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a brain circuit?

A

network of particular brain structures that work together through their neurons

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2
Q

What are the three leading kids of biological treatments?

A

psychotropic medications, brain stimulation, and psychosurgery

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2
Q

Explain the biological model.

A

views mental disorders as medical conditions caused by biological abnormalities

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2
Q

What is pschosurgery?

A

brain surgery for mental disorders

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3
Q

What is brain stimulation?

A
  • interventions that directly/indirectly stimulate certain areas of the brain
  • ECT is the oldest form
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4
Q

Explain the psychodynamic model.

A

a person’s behavior is determined by underlying psychological forces of which the individual is not aware of

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5
Q

What is the role of conflict based off of the psychodynamic model?

A

conflict arises from the individual’s past experiences as it is tied to early relationships and traumatic experiences

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6
Q

What is the id?

A

pleasure principle; needs, drives, and impulses for gratification

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7
Q

What is the ego?

A

reality principle; employs reasoning and guides our understanding to know when and when we can not express impulses

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8
Q

What is the superego?

A

morality principle; unconscious values

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9
Q

What is the ego defense mechanism?

A

these are mechanisms that are used to avoid or reduce anxiety that might arouse; ex: repression

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10
Q

Explain the difference between self theorists and object relations theorists.

A

Self-theorists - emphasize the role of the self
Object Relations - people are motivated mainly by a need to have relationships with others and these relationships may lead to abnormal development

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11
Q

What are the different techniques that psychodynamic therapists practice?

A

free association, therapist interpretation, catharsis, and working through

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12
Q

Explain free association.

A

the patient leads the discussion and tells the therapist anything that comes to mind

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13
Q

Explain therapist interpretation.

A
  • therapists look for clues, draw conclusions, and sharing interpretations
  • interpretations include resistance, transference, and dreams
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14
Q

Explain catharsis.

A

therapists believe that patients must experience this which is a reliving of past repressed feelings if they are to settle internal conflicts and overcome their problems

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15
Q

Explain working through.

A

the patient and therapist must examine the same issues over and over in the course of many sessions to gain greater clarity

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16
Q

Explain the cognitive-behavioral model.

A

this model focuses on the interplay between behaviors and thoughts

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17
Q

What are illogical thinking processes?

A

patients can overgeneralize conclusions which may lead to abnormal cognitive thinking

18
Q

What is exposure therapy?

A

behavior-focused therapy in which the patient is repeatedly exposed to the objects or situations they dread

19
Q

What is the humanistic-existential model?

A
  • focus on self-actualization; accurate self-awareness and meaningful life
20
Q

Explain client-centered therapy.

A

clinicians try to create a supportive climate in which clients feel able to accept themselves in an honest way; warm and supportive treatment approach

21
Q

Explain Gestalt therapy.

A
  • guide clients toward self-recognition and self-acceptance
  • demand patients to stay in the present and embrace their real emotions
22
Q

Explain existential therapy.

A

people are encouraged to accept responsibility for their lives and for their problems; therapists try to help clients recognize their own freedom and will

23
Q

Explain the family systems theory.

A

the family is a system of interacting parts that display interactions that may be consistent and contain unstated rules

24
Q

How do biological theorists explain abnormal behavior?

A

illness brought about by malfunctioning parts of the organism; problems in brain anatomy or brain chemistry

25
Q

What are the sources of biological abnormalities?

A

genetics and evolution

26
Q

What are some drawbacks of DTC advertisement?

A
  • higher drug costs because of advertisement expenses
  • patient misinformation
  • pressure on doctors to prescribe these DTC-advertised drugs
27
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of the biological model?

A

strengths: respect in field, produces valuable info, treatment relief
weaknesses: limited understanding of abnormal functioning by excluding nonbiological factors; may produce sign. undesirable effects

28
Q

In relation to therapist interference, explain resistance.

A

a unconscious refusal to participate fully in therapy

29
Q

In relation to therapist interference, explain tranference.

A

the redirection of feelings towards the psychotherapist that may be associated w/important figures in the patient’s life, past or present

30
Q

In relation to therapist interference, explain dream interpretation.

A

psychodynamic therapists will interpret the patient’s dream to uncover their unconscious needs, wishes, or instincts

31
Q

What is the difference between short-term psychodynamic therapy and relational psychoanalytic therapy?

A
  • STP: patient has a single problem (dynamic focus) that they want to work on in short versions of the therapy
  • RPT: therapists relate to patient to establish more equality w/the patient
32
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of the psychodynamic model?

A

strengths: helpful to persons w/long-term, complex disorders; first to recognize the importance of psychological theories and systematic treatment for abnormality
weaknesses: unsupported ideas and difficult to research; non-observable concepts; inaccessible to human subjects (unconscious)

33
Q

What does the cognitive dimension of the cognitive-behavioral model entail?

A
  • focus on maladaptive thinking processes which are illogical thinking and inaccurate assumptions and attitudes
34
Q

Explain acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT).

A
  • new wave of cognitive-behavioral therapies
  • helps clients accept many of their problematic thoughts rather than judge them, act on them, or try fruitlessly to change them
35
Q

What are the strengths of the cognitive-behavioral model?

A
  • powerful force in clinical field
  • clinically useful
  • theories lead to research
  • therapies are effective
36
Q

What are the weaknesses of the cognitive-behavioral model?

A
  • not effective with everyone
  • other key dimensions of life are not addressed
  • focusing on client’s current experiences and functioning may limit needed attention to the influence of early life experiences and relationships
37
Q

What is the humanist view?

A
  • people can be friendly, cooperative, and constructive
  • focus on drive to self-actualize through honest recognition of strengths and weaknesses
38
Q

What is the existentialist view?

A

emphasis on accurate self-awareness and meaningful life with psychological dysfunction is caused by self-deception

39
Q

What is Rogers’ humanistic theory?

A
  • If received -> unconditional self-regard
  • If not, -> conditions of worth
40
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of the humanist-existential model?

A

strengths: emphasizes the individual, optimistic, emphasizes health
weaknesses: focuses on abstract ideas, difficult to research, weakened by disapproval of scientific approach; may be changing

41
Q

How do family-social theorists explain abnormal functoning?

A
  • family relationships
  • social interactions
  • community events
42
Q

Explain the developmental psychopathology perspective.

A
  • uses an integrative framework to understand how variables and principles from the various models account for adaptive and maladaptive human functioning
  • time and development impact psychological disorders
43
Q

What is the difference between equifinality and multifinality?

A
  • equifinality: a number of different developmental routes can lead to the same psychological disorder
  • multifinality: persons who have experienced a number of similar developmental variables may nevertheless have different clinical outcomes

Psychopathology 4430 (6 decks)

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