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Psychopathology 4430 > Ch. 12 - Schizophrenia > Flashcards

Ch. 12 - Schizophrenia Flashcards

1
Q

Define psychosis.

A

loss of contact with reality

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1
Q

What are some examples of positive schizophrenia?

A
  • bizarre additions to a person’s behavior
  • hallucinations
  • disorganized speech and thinking
  • delusions
  • inappropriate affect
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2
Q

Explain delusions of persecution.

A

people with this falsely believe they are being plotted against, spied on, or attacked

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3
Q

Explain delusions of reference.

A

people attach special meaning to the actions of others or to various objects or events

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4
Q

Explain delusions of grandeur.

A

people may believe themselves to be great inventors, religious saviors, or empowered persons

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5
Q

Explain delusions of control.

A

people believe their feelings, thoughts, and actions are being controlled by other people

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6
Q

What are formal thought disorders?

A
  • a disturbance in the production and organization of thought
  • loose associations, neologisms, perseveration, and clang
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7
Q

Explain loose associations (derailment).

A

rapid shift from one topic to another believing their incoherent sentences make sense

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8
Q

Explain neologisms.

A

made-up words that typically have meaning only to the person using them

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9
Q

Explain perseveration.

A

repetition of words and statements

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10
Q

What are hallucinations?

A

perceptions that a person has in the absence of external stimuli

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11
Q

What is an inappropriate affect?

A

emotions unsuited to the situation

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12
Q

What are negative symptoms associated with schizophrenia?

A
  • symptoms of schizophrenia that seem to be deficits in normal thought, emotions, or behaviors
  • poverty of speech, blunted and flat affect, loss of volition, and social withdrawel
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13
Q

Explain poverty of speech (alogia).

A

reduction in speech or speech content

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14
Q

What is the difference between blunted and flat affect?

A
  • blunted affect: display less feelings than others
  • flat affect: display no emotions at all
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15
Q

Explain loss of volition.

A

feeling drained of energy and of interest in normal goals and unable to begin or follow through on a course of action

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16
Q

What are psychomotor symptoms?

A
  • awkward movements, repeated grimaces, and odd gestures
  • may turn into catatonia (10%)
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17
Q

Explain catatonia.

A

a pattern of extreme psychomotor symptoms, found in some forms of schizophrenia

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18
Q

What are the 3 phases in the course of schizophrenia?

A

prodromal, active, and residual

19
Q

Explain the prodromal phase.

A
  • symptoms are not yet obvious
  • may withdraw speaking, speak in odd ways
  • develop strange ideas or express little emotion
20
Q

Explain the active phase.

A
  • symptoms are apparent
  • can be triggered by stress or trauma in the individual’s life
21
Q

Explain the residual phase.

A
  • return to a prodromal-like level of functioning
  • may retain some negative symptoms
22
Q

What is the difference between Type 1 and Type 2 schizophrenia?

A
  • Type 1 = excess schizophrenia
  • Type 2 = deficit schizophrenia
23
Q

Name facts associated with the prevalence of schizophrenia.

A
  • 1 out of 100 experience schizophrenia in their lifetime
  • 20 million worldwide, 3.2 million in U.S.
  • equally distributed between men and women
  • average age onset: 23 for men; 28 for women
24
Q

What is the diathesis-stress perspective?

A

researchers believe that some people inherit a biological predisposition to schizophrenia and develop the disorder later when they face extreme stress

25
Q

What are the two kinds of biological abnormalities that could be inherited?

A
  • biochemical abnormalities and dysfunctional brain circuitry
26
Q

Explain the dopamine hypothesis.

A

certain neurons that use the neurotransmitter dopamine fire too often and transmit too many messages which produces schizophrenia

27
Q

What are the challenges to the dopamine hypothesis?

A
  • discovery of new group of antipsychotic drugs
  • relation may be to abnormal activity or interactions of both dopamine and other neurotransmitters, rather than to abnormal dopamine activity alone
28
Q

Explain Fromm-Reichmann’s psychodynamic theory?

A
  • schizophrenogenic mothers
  • elaboration upon Freud’s view
  • little research support
29
Q

Explain the self-theorists’ view regarding schizophrenia.

A
  • biological deficiencies cause development of fragmented self
30
Q

What are the two cognitive-behavioral explanations within the psychological view of schizophrenia?

A

operant conditioning and misinterpretation

31
Q

What is expressed emotion?

A

general level of criticism, disapproval, and hostility expressed within a family

32
Q

Explain the developmental psychopathology view regarding schizophrenia?

A

dysfunctional brain circuit may negatively affect functioning of people who later become schizophrenic through the circuit’s impact on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) stress pathway

33
Q

Explain milieu therapy.

A

institutions should create a social climate that promotes self-respect, equality, individual responsibility, and being active

34
Q

Explain token economy programs.

A

techniques utilizing operant conditioning in which hospital wards would treat the patient with a reward for good behavior

35
Q

What were antipsychotic medications discovered in the 40’s?

A
  • antihistamines: org. for allergies but used for patients to calm down before surgery
  • chlorpromazine: on patients w/psychosis; calming effect immediately
36
Q

First generation antipsychotic drugs

A
  • neuroleptic drugs: produce undesired movement effects similar to the symptoms of neurological diseases
  • symptoms reduce in about 70% of patients
  • positive symptoms reduced more completely or more quickly than negative symptoms
37
Q

What are some unwanted effects of 1st generation antipsychotic drugs?

A
  • extrapyramidal effects: caused by drug’s impact on the extrapyramidal areas of the brain; affect motor activity
  • Parkinsonian symptoms
    -tardive dyskinesia: does not appear until after 6 mths or med is stopped, tic-like movements or the body or jerky movements
38
Q

What is a risk with taking a second-generation drug like clozapine?

A

a risk of life-threatening drop in white blood cells - agranulocytosis

39
Q

Explain avatar therapy

A
  • virtual therapy
  • suggests confronting hallucinations in virtual world can help some patients
40
Q

What is involved in cognitive remediation?

A
  • focuses on cognitive impairments, such as difficulties in attention, planning, and memory
  • computer-based difficult processing tasks
  • moderate improvement
41
Q

What is involved in hallucination reinterpretation and acceptance?

A
  • therapists help change how clients view and react to their hallucinations
  • combo of behavioral and cognitive tech.
  • improve feeling more control over hallucinations and reduction of delusional ideas
42
Q

What is included in the new-wave of cognitive behavioral therapies?

A
  • acceptance and commitment therapy
  • hallucinations should be accepted
  • often produce helpful results
43
Q

Explain coordinated specialty care (CSC) psychotherapy.

A
  • addresses social and personal difficulties in clients’ lives
  • approach reduces rehospitalizations
44
Q

What was entailed in the Mental Health Act?

A
  • patients be released and treated in community
  • stipulated patients should be offered a range of mental health services

Psychopathology 4430 (6 decks)

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