Ch. 6 - Depressive and Bipolar Disorders

Question 1

Explain a major depressive episode.

Answer 1

a period of 2 or more weeks marked by at least 5 symptoms including delusions or hallucinations

Question 2

Explain major depression disorder.

Answer 2

major depressive disorder w/out a history of mania; seasonal; catatonic, 2 weeks at least

Question 3

What is the difference between depression and mania?

Answer 3

depression: low, dark and challenges are overwhelming
mania: breathless euphoria or frenzied energy that may be exaggerated

Question 4

Explain unipolar depression.

Answer 4

• no history of mania
• suffer from only from depression
• return to normal or nearly normal mood when their depression lifts

Question 5

Explain bipolar disorder.

Answer 5

periods of mania that alternate with periods of depression

Question 6

What are types of unipolar depressive disorders?

Answer 6

• major depressive disorder
• persistent depressive disorder
• premenstrual dysphoric disorder

Question 7

Explain persistent depressive disorder

Answer 7

• person experiences symptoms for at least 2 years
• no history of mania or hypomania

Question 8

What are 2 kinds of depression?

Answer 8

• reactive (exogenous)
• endogenous

Question 9

Explain the biochemical factor within unipolar depression.

Answer 9

• low activity of two neurotransmitters: norepinephrine and serotonin
• glutamate could be included
• release of hormones at various locations throughout body -> HPA pathway

Question 10

Explain how brain circuits are impacting depression?

Answer 10

• subgenual cingulate makes a distinct contribution
• brain cicuit dysfunction
• abnormal activity and flow rate in various brain locations

Question 11

What do MAO inhibitors do?

Answer 11

increases activity level of neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine by blocking MAO’s

Question 12

What do tricyclics do?

Answer 12

acts neurotransmitter reuptake mechanism of key neurons; biological corrections

Question 13

What are the second-generation antidepressants?

Answer 13

• selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) - increase serotonin w/out other neurotransmitters
• selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors: increase norepinephrine only
• selective-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor

Question 14

What are ketamine-based antidepressants?

Answer 14

• increases activity of glutamate in brain; may aid in neural pathway development
• alleviates depression quickly

Question 15

What is vagus nerve stimulation?

Answer 15

an implanted pulse generator that sends electrical signals to the vagus nerve which then delivers electrical signals to the brain

Question 16

What are psychodynamic treatments for unipolar depression?

Answer 16

• free association
• interpretations of client’s dreams

Question 17

Explain the cognitive-behavioral model within depression.

Answer 17

depression results from problematic behaviors and dysfunctional thinking

Question 18

Explain the behavioral dimension within the cognitive-behavioral model.

Answer 18

• large reduction in positive life rewards -> fewer positive positive behaviors + depression
• social rewards are important in downward depression spiral

Question 19

Explain the negative thinking paradigm within the cognitive-behavioral model.

Answer 19

• Beck: cognitive triad - negative view of experiences, oneself, and future
• Watkins and others: ruminative responses during depressed moods are linked to longer feelings of dejection and increased likelihood of later life clinical depression

Question 20

Explain learned helplessness.

Answer 20

• Seligman: depression occurs when people believe they have no control over life’s reinforcements and assume responsibility for this helpless state

Question 21

Explain the attribution-helplessness theory.

Answer 21

• modified learned hopelessness theory
• internal attribution of present lack of control -> feel helpless to prevent future negative outcomes -> depression

Question 22

Bipolar I Disorder

Answer 22

• occurrence of a manic episode
• hypomanic or major depressive episodes may precede or follow the manic episodes

Question 23

Bipolar II Disorder

Answer 23

• presence or history of major depressive episodes
• presence or history of hypomanic episodes
• no history of a manic episode

Question 24

Explain cyclothymic disorder.

Answer 24

• milder form of bipolar disorder
• hypomanic symptoms
• 2 or more years interrupted by normal moods
• adolescence no gender differences

Question 25

What drug is effective in treating mania alone or in combination?

Answer 25

• mood-stabilizing drugs
• lithium, lamictal
• antiseizure medications