Chapter 2

Question 1

In any measurement, the difference between the expected (true) value and the experimental value

Answer 1

Absolute error

Question 2

The uncertainty expressed in the same units as the measurand

Answer 2

Absolute uncertainty

Question 3

How close the calculated value is to the true or accepted value; includes components of trueness and bias

Answer 3

Accuracy

Question 4

The difference between an experimentally determined value and an accepted true value; quantitative expression of trueness

Answer 4

Bias

Question 5

An expression of the standard deviation of a relatively small data set adjusted by the use of the student t value

Answer 5

95% confidence interval (95% CI)

Question 6

A hypothesis test to identify outliers

Answer 6

Dixon’s test

Question 7

The difference between an accepted value; bias. Error isn’t the same thing as uncertainty

Answer 7

Error

Question 8

A hypothesis test to identify outliers

Answer 8

Grubbs test

Question 9

Statistical tests that compare two quantities, one calculated and one tabulated to determine the acceptance or rejection of a hypothesis

Answer 9

Hypothesis testing

Question 10

That which is being measured

Answer 10

Measurand

Question 11

The science of measurement as a general topic

Answer 11

Metrology

Question 12

A notational system for the management and communication of uncertainty in science for policy; numeral-unit-spread-assessment-pedigree

Answer 12

NUSAP

Question 13

A sample result that appears to be unusually far from the mean in a normal distribution; can be evaluated using significance tests

Answer 13

Outlier

Question 14

The larger group of possible measurements from which a subset is drawn; has N number

Answer 14

Population

Question 15

Reproducibility of replicate measurements

Answer 15

Precision

Question 16

A technique that combines uncertainties from individual steps to obtain an estimate of the uncertainty of a process

Answer 16

Propagation of uncertainty

Question 17

Errors that are not the same, not reproducible, equally plus and minus, and generally small

Answer 17

Random error

Question 18

The degree of trustworthiness of data

Answer 18

Reliability

Question 19

Uncertainty contribution expressed as a fraction or percentage

Answer 19

Relative uncertainty

Question 20

Statistical tests that compare two quantities, one calculated and one tabulated, to determine the acceptance or rejection of a hypothesis

Answer 20

Significance test

Question 21

These arise from the instrumentation and consist of every digit that is certain plus the first uncertain one

Answer 21

Significant figures

Question 22

The average deviation of all points in a data set from the mean of that data set

Answer 22

Standard deviation

Question 23

Errors that are the same size and magnitude each time; reproducible errors

Answer 23

Systematic error

Question 24

An error in which the null hypothesis is incorrectly rejected

Answer 24

Type I error

Question 25

An error in which the null hypothesis is incorrectly accepted

Answer 25

Type II error

Question 26

The range or expected spread around a measurand that arises from the sample, analyst, procedure, or other factors; doesn’t imply lack of trust or knowledge; it is a description of a range

Answer 26

Uncertainty

Question 27

A description of how useful information or data is to answering a specific question at hand

Answer 27

Utility

Question 28

The square of the standard deviation

Answer 28

Variance