Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NS373—Pharmacology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

define pharmacodynamics

A

how drug affects body; interaction between chemical components of the living system & the foreign chemicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

4 ways drugs work in body

A

Replace or substitute missing chemicals
Increase or stimulate certain cellular activities
Depress or slow cellular activities
Interfere with functioning of foreign cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

define agonist

A

produces a greater maximal response than endogenous chemicals - reinforces response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

define partial agonist

A

produces weaker/less effective response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

define antagonist

A

inhibits response from original chemical - competes for binding sites of endogenous chemicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

define selective toxicity

A

ability of a drug to affect only systems found in foreign cells without affecting human cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

example of drugs c and s selective toxicity

A

antibiotics

chemotherapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

define pharmacokinetics

A

way body deals with the drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

4 main pharmacokinetic processes

A

absorption
distribution
metabolism/biotransformation
excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

examples of absorption sites of drug

A

enteral
parenteral
mucous membranes/topical
inhaled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

3 mechanisms of absorption

A

diffusion
active transport
filtration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

primary vehicle of distribution

A

blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

factors affecting distribution

A

tissue perfusion
cold environment
protein bound drugs (makes it difficult for drugs to cross membranes)
blood brain barrier
drugs will readily cross placenta/breastmilk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

primary organ of metabolism of drugs

A

liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

define drug metabolism

A

Breakdown of drugs to convert them to nontoxic substances - makes chemicals less active & more easily excreted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

define first pass effect

A

large percentage of many oral drugs are destroyed and rendered useless during first pass through liver - less of the functional drug makes it to target area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

define bioavailability

A

percentage of drug that reaches systemic circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

because of the first pass effect, _____ drugs may be given in higher dosages than _____ drugs

A

PO; IV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

example of drugs that do better avoiding the first pass effect i.e. need different absorption site

A

nitrate drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

primary organ of excretion

A

kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

define critical concentration

A

amount of drug needed to cause therapeutic effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

define therapeutic range

A

not too much to cause toxicity, not too little to have no therapeutic effect

23
Q

examples of drugs with small therapeutic range

A

vancomycin, lithium

24
Q

define loading dose and maintenance dose

A

higher dose than normally used to “boost” drug to therapeutic levels

once therapeutic levels reached, dose is reduced to maintenance level

25
Q

example of drug requiring a loading dose

A

heparin

26
Q

define peak & trough

A

highest plasma concentration of drug at certain time

lowest plasma concentration

27
Q

trough measures…

A

rate of elimination

28
Q

trough blood sample needs to be drawn…

A

just before next dose

29
Q

define half-life

A

time it takes for amount of the drug to decrease by ½ of the peak level it previously achieved

30
Q

A patient takes 100 mg of a drug. 25 mg remains in the blood 6 hours after its peak. What is its half-life? How much will remain after 6 more hours?

A

3 hours

6.25 mg

31
Q

how will half-life be affected by liver failure?

A

increased

32
Q

which enteric drugs can’t be crushed? why?

A

enteric-coated - stomach ulcers

sustained release - overdose

33
Q

routes of admin that introduce drugs directly to stomach

A

NG tube

gastrostomy

34
Q

sublingual/buccal drugs should not be…

A

chewed or swallowed

35
Q

example of sublingual drug

A

nitroglycerine

36
Q

4 types of topical drugs

A

dermatological preparations
installation & irrigations
inhalations
transdermal patches

37
Q

installations & irrigations are applied to…

A

orfices - eyes, nose, ears, vagina, etc

38
Q

4 things to remember about transdermal patches

A

Rotate sites
Clean site before & after
Remove old patches before applying new patches
Label patch with date, time, nurse initials

39
Q

where are ophthalmic drops dropped?

A

Drops into conjunctival sac of lower lid

40
Q

where are nasal drops dropped?

A

Superior concha of ethmoid bone

41
Q

adults vs children admin ear drops

A

adult - ear up and out

child - ear down and out

42
Q

2 things to remember about vaginal suppositories

A

have them stay in position for 8-10 minutes

offer sanitary pad

43
Q

position for rectal suppositories

A

side

44
Q

for rectal suppositories, apply _____ to finger and med

A

water soluble lubricant

45
Q

ID:

___ mL; ____ gauge; _____ inch; keep skin _____; bevel ____; ______ degree angle

A

1 mL; 27 gauge; 3/8 to 5/8 inch; skin taut; bevel up; 10-15 angle

46
Q

ID injections produce a…

A

wheal or bleb

47
Q

ID example

A

TB test

48
Q

SQ:

___ mL; ____ gauge; _____ inch; ______ degree angle; locations include ____

A

1-3 mL; 23-25 gauge; 1/2 to 5/8 inch; 90 angle if obese or thin; 45 angle if normal; abdomen, back of arm, behind clavicle, thigh

49
Q

SQ example

A

heparin, insulin

50
Q

IM:

___ mL; ____ gauge; _____ inch; ______ degree angle; use ______ motion

A

1 mL deltoid, 2 mL ventrogluteal; 20-23 gauge; 1 to 1.5 inch; 90 angle; dart motion

51
Q

IM example

A

immunizations

52
Q

IV:

____ gauge

A

16 gauge trauma patients

18 gauge surgical patients

53
Q

difference between IV push, bolus, infusion

A

amount of fluid

NS373—Pharmacology (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions