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Medical Micro/Immunology > Chapter 19B > Flashcards

Chapter 19B Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Name 7 G+ regular non spore forming rods

A
  1. Lactobacillus
  2. Listeria
  3. Erysipelothrix
  4. Kurthia
  5. Caryophanum
  6. Bronchotrix
  7. Renibacterium
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2
Q

The 7 are considered “regular” because

A

Regular because of uniform staining pattern and do not assume pleomorphic shapes

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3
Q

An emerging food borne pathogen

A

Listeria monocytogenes

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4
Q

L. monocytogenes is non _____

A

fastidious

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5
Q

L. monocytogenes is resistant to

A

cold, heat, salt, pH, and bile

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6
Q

L. monocytogenes is a contaminant of

A

unpasterurized dairy products and meats

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7
Q

______ is beta hemolytic

A

L. monocytogenes

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8
Q

L. monocytogenes is sensitive to

A

penicillin, ampicillin, and erythromycin

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9
Q

Name 4 gram +, irregular non spore forming rods

A
  1. Corynebacterium
  2. Mycobacterium
  3. Nocardia
  4. Propionibacterium
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10
Q

They are considered irregular because

A
  • pleomorphic in shape

* stain unevenly

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11
Q

How many genera of Bacilli are G+, irregular, non spore forming

A

20 genera

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12
Q

Produce catalase, have mycolic acids, and have unique peptidoglycan

A

G+, irregular, non spore forming, rods

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13
Q

Corynebacterium diptheriae shape

A

curved rod that tapers at end

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14
Q

Corynebacterium diptheriae has thin spots in the cell walll that develop into ____, ____, and ____ shapes

A

club, filamentous, and swollen

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15
Q

C. diptheriae toxigenic strains produce exotoxin called

A

diphterotoxin

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16
Q

C. diphteriae has a high

A

morbidity and mortality rate in past but now there is an effective vaccine

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17
Q

How many cases of C. diphteriae in US

A

.01 cases per million

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18
Q

C. diphteriae is transmitted via

A

fomites, droplets, and contaminated milk

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19
Q

Portal of entry for C. diphteriae

A

upper respiratory tract

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20
Q

Aerotolerant, anaerobic, non toxigenic

A

Propionibacterium

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21
Q

Involved in infections of eye and joints

A

Propionibacterium

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22
Q

Propionibacterium is a resident of

A

pilosebaceous glands (P. acnes)

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23
Q

Propionibacterium is related to

A

acne vulgaris

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24
Q

Complex syndrome influenced by genetic hormonal factors as well as by epidermal structure

A

acne vulgaris

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25
Q

Acid - fast G+ bacilli

A

Mycobacterium

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26
Q

Describe Mycobacterium size

A

*about 50 spp

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27
Q

large amount of mycolic acid and waxes

A

Mycobacterium

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28
Q

strict aerobes

A

Mycobacterium

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29
Q

Slender filamentous rods

A

Mycobacterium

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30
Q

widely distributed, resistant to environmental conditions, and grow slowly

A

Mycobacterium

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31
Q

3 diseases caused by Mycobacterium

A

Tuberculosis
Leprosy
MOTT (Mycobacteria other than tuberculosis bacilli) - immunocompromised patients

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32
Q

M. tuberculosis are long thin rods that grow in

A

masses or cords

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33
Q

Cord factor of M. tuberculosis is involved in

A

virulence

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34
Q

Has No endotoxins or enzymes for infectiousness

A

M. tuberculosis

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35
Q

M. tuberculosis have ____ in cell wall

A

complex waxes

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36
Q

Susceptibility to M. tuberculosis due to: (6)

A 
poverty
bad nutrition
poor hygiene
low immune system
lung damage
genetics
37
Q

Tubercules

A

TB bacillus inside macrophages with wall made of fibroblasts, lymphocytes, and neutrophils

38
Q

Tuberculin

A

a skin test (cell mediated immune response)

Mantoux Test

39
Q

M. tuberculosis mode of transmission (2):

A

fine droplets - cough, sneeze, expectoration

mucus and aerosols

40
Q

M. tuberculosis minimum infectious dose

A

around 10 bacterial cells

41
Q

How many people carry TB bacillus

A

1/3 of world population and 15 million Americans

42
Q

Tuberculosis Bacillus is very resistant

A

survives up to 8 months in aerosols

43
Q

TB: Humans are easily infected but

A

resistant to disease

44
Q

Only ____ % of infected people actually develop clinical case of TB

A

5%

45
Q

Untreated cases can last ______ with morbid episodes

A

a lifetime

46
Q

85% of TB is in ____ but can be in other organs such as (lymph nodes, long bones, genital tract, brain, and meninges)

A

lungs

47
Q

How many people die each year of TB

A

3 million

48
Q

Texas has ___ national rate and RGV has ____ state rate for TB

A

2x and 2x

49
Q

Biggest problem with TB in valley

A

drug resistance

50
Q

4 Current drugs for TB

A

isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamine, and ethambutol

51
Q

To avoid resistance therapy includes

A

2-3 drugs in combination

52
Q

Some patients take up to

A

7-8 medications

53
Q

How long do drugs take to kill bacilli ?

A

6 - 24 months

54
Q

Vaccine is made of attenuated strain of M. bovis called

A

bacillus Calmet-Guerin (BCG)

55
Q

______ % of vaccines give protection for several years

A

20 - 80%

56
Q

Detection of TB

A

Acid-fast stain done for Mycobacterium spp

57
Q

Test for TB is done in

A

sputum

58
Q

________ shows bright red cells against blue back ground

A

Ziehl-Neelsen

59
Q

_____ shows luminescence with a yellow green background

A

Fluorescence

60
Q

What kind of media can TB be plated on? Name 2 of that kind

A

Egg-potato media

  • Middlebrook 7H11
  • Lowenstein Jensen media
61
Q

How long will TB take to grow on egg-potato media?

A

8 weeks +

62
Q

Latest technique for tb detection

A

PCR (gene amplification) - results in 24 hrs

63
Q

M. leprae

A

causative agent of leprosy

64
Q

strict parasite

A

M. leprae

65
Q

Never grown on artificial media or human tissue culture

A

M. leprae

66
Q

slowest growing bacterial species

A

M. leprae

67
Q

Leprosy

A

chronic progressive disease of skin and nerves produced by M. leprae

68
Q

Bacilli of leprosy are not

A

virulent

69
Q

Bacilli of leprosy can be harbored through

A

lifetime

70
Q

Incubation period for leprosy

A

2 -5 years or months to 40 years

71
Q

What is unique about M. leprae

A

grown inside macrophages

72
Q

2 natural resevoirs of leprosy bacillus

A

human body and armadillos

73
Q

Leprosy: Predisposing factor for a defect in the regulation of

A

t cells

74
Q

Leprosy causes

A

severe disfigurement - believed before as divine curse - lepers

75
Q

Mechanism of transmission for leprosy

A 
unknown!
contact with leprotic?
mechanical vectors?
droplets?
zoonosis (through armadillos)??
76
Q

How many people have leprosy in the world?

In US?

A

15 million

2 - 3,000

77
Q

How does one contract leprosy?

A

now believed that it is an immunological disorder that can be induced by the bacteria in immunocompromised people (5% of world population)

78
Q

5 forms of leprosy

A 
Tuberculoid leprosy (TT)
Lepromatous leprosy (LL)
Borderline tuberculoid (BT)
Borderline (BB)
Borderline lepromatous (BL)
79
Q

Therapy for leprosy

A

a combined approach of Dapsone (DDS) and Rifampin

80
Q

Vaccine for leprosy

A

currently under development by WHO

81
Q

Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC)

A

Found in soil bacteria.
attacks AIDS patients
Has high drug resistance

82
Q

3rd most common cause of death in AIDS patients

A

Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC)

83
Q

Pulmonary infections by commensal mycobacteria (2)

A

M. kansasii (USA, UK)

M. fortuitum

84
Q

Diseases by non commensal Mycobacteria (2)

A

M. marinum

M. scrofulaceum

85
Q

M. marinum

A

Swimming pool granuloma

- affects elbows, knees, toes, fingers

86
Q

M. scrofulaceum

A

Cervical lymph nodes

- found in Great Lakes region, Canada, and Japan

87
Q

Tuberculin test

A

Protein of bacteria scratch skin
negative (0-5mm)
intermediate (5-9mm)
positive (>10 mm)

88
Q

Prevention of tb

A

stay away from coughing people

Medical Micro/Immunology (8 decks)

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