Chapter 15B Flashcards
Describe passive therapy.
- Preformed antibodies are injected into patients
- Donated immunity lasts only a short time
- Act immediately
- Protects patients for whom there is no other medicine/vaccine available
Describe active preventative therapy
- Vaccination with microbe or its parts (antigen)
- Patient is exposed to material that is antigenic not pathogenic
- Reduces prevalence and impact of infectious and often deadly diseases
Immune Serum Globulin (ISG) is also known as ________ and is a form of ________ therapy
Gamma Globulin
Passive
In ISG ____ is extracted from pooled blood of at least ____ human donors
IgG
1000
In ISG, IgG and IgM are at ______ concentrations
variable
The immune serum globulin method concentrates on ______ and eliminates _______ once injected.
antibodies
pathogens
How is ISG administered?
intramuscularly
How long is ISG active?
2-3 months
Human or animal serum can be used for…
human prophylaxis
_______ can be used for diptheria, botulism, spider, and snake bites (limited availability).
Horse serum
What risks are related to Immune Serum Globulin (Gamma globulin)?
Possibility of serum sickness or anaphylaxis
Vaccine preparation is _______ therapy
active preventative
The main factors of selection in vaccine preparation (active preventative therapy) are:
- Antigen selection
- Effectiveness
- Ease in administration
- Safety
- Cost
In ______ immunity an antigen stimulates appropriate B&T lymphocytes and creates memory clones.
natural
In ______ immunity the aim is to obtain the same response with a modified version of the antigen (microbe or its components)
artificial
What is the rational behind artificial immunity (vaccinating)?
Natural immunities are developed when an antigen is introduced to the system and B&T lymphocytes react and create antibodies and memory clones so the purpose is to introduce a modified antigen that is not pathogenic so the body will react in the same manner and create antibodies and memory cells against the antigen.
What are the ideal characteristics of a vaccine?
- Mimic the natural protective response
- Not cause a serious infection/disease
- Long lasting effects with a few doses
- Easy to administer
What is attenuating?
Subculturing bacteria over and over until they lose virulence
Antigenic stimulants of vaccine preparations
- Killed whole cells or inactivated viruses
- Live, attenuated cells or viruses
- Subunits or parts of microbes (surface antigens or neutralized toxins-toxoids)
- Genetic engineering techniques, including cloning of antigens, and recombinant attenuated microbes
What are the 5 routes of administration for vaccines?
- Subcutaneously SQ
- Intramuscularly IM
- Intradermal ID
- Oral
- Intranasaly (flu)
Vaccines containing Killed whole bacteria
- Cholera (SQ, IM)
* Plague (SQ)
Vaccines with Live Attenuated Bacteria
- Tuberculosis BCG (ID)
* Typhoid (Oral)
Subunit/acellular vacccines (capsular polysaccharides or proteins)
- Meningitis (Meningococcal) (SQ)
- Pneumococcal pneumonia (SQ, IM)
- Anthrax
- Pertussis (IM)
Toxoids (Formaldehyde-inactivated bacterial exotoxins)
- Diptheria (IM)
- Tetanus (IM)
- Botulism (IM)
- Pertussis (IM)
Contain inactivated (killed) whole viruses
- Poliomyelitis (Salk k-killed) (IM)
- Rabies (IM)
- Influenza (IM)
- Japanese encephalitis (SQ)
- Hepatitis A (IM)
Contain Active (Live) Attenuated viruses
- Adenovirus infection (oral)
- Measles [rubeola] (SQ)
- Mumps [parotitis] (SQ)
- Poliomyelitis (Savine v-liVe) (Oral)
- Rubella (SQ)
- Chickenpox [varicella] (SQ)
- Rotavirus (oral)
- Smallpox (live vaccinia virus, not attenuated variola major) - multiple punctures
- Yellow fever (SQ)
- Influenza (Intranasal)
Subunit viral vaccines
parts of virus (cell wall)
- Hepatitis B (IM)
- Influenza (IM)
- Papillomavirus (IM)
Recombinant vaccines
genes from one vaccine combined with different viruses
- Hepatitis B (IM)
- Pertussis (IM)
Define plantibodies
There is possibility to get antibodies from plants vs. animals.
- less expensive and will produce vaccines
- faster
- human hormone done through tobacco plant
- one acre of tobacco can make vaccine for millions
What are the potential side effects of vaccines?
Fever, allergies, etc.
What is the reason for the side effects of vaccines?
- Back mutation to virulence
- Contamination
- Effects of unknown cause
- Allergies to the medium
Administering _____ vaccines to __________ as well as to _____________ must be avoided.
live
immuno-compromised persons
pregnant women (fetus at risk)
Name the two ways that vaccination programs seek to protect the individual.
- Directly through raising the antibody tier
2. Indirectly through the development of HERD immunity
