Chapter 19A Flashcards
Name 3 endospore forming G+ bacilli
Bacillus, Clostridium, Sporobacillus
Name 2 anaerobic endospore forming bacilli.
Clostridium, Sporobacillus
Name an anaerobic, G+ bacilli
Bacillus (endospore forming)
Name 2 G+ Bacilli that do not form spores and are regular in morphology.
Listeria, Erysipelothrix
Name 6 non endospore forming gram + Bacilli.
- Listeria
- Erysipelothrix
- Corynebacterium
- Propionibacterium
- Mycobacterium
- Nocardia
Name 4 Bacilli that are irregular in morphology.
Corynebacterium, Propionibacterium, Mycobacterium, Nocardia
Aerobic, non-endospore forming Bacilli.
Corynebacterium
Anaerobic, non-endospore forming Bacilli
Propionibacterium
Name the acid-fast Bacilli
Mycobacterium and Nocardia
Name 2 G+, aerobic Bacilli
Bacillus (EF) and Corynebacterium (NEF)
Name 3 G+, anaerobic Bacilli
Clostridium, Sporobacillus, and Propionibacterium
How do G+ Bacilli look on a gram stain?
purple
What is unique about Listeria?
Listeria is non endospore forming and regular in morphology. It is unique because it is a top killer in food contamination. Esp dairy products. In order to counter this grocery chains spray a virus that lyses Listeria on grocery shelves.
Which G+ Bacillus is closely related to acne?
Propionibacterium (Non-endospore forming, anaerobic, irregular in morph)
What is different about Mycobacterium and Nocardia?
They are acid-fast Bacilli and they are filamentous bacteria
Describe the Genus Bacillus.
- mostly aerobic Gram +
- saprobic soil bacteria
- widely distributed
- catalase +
- none is fastidious
- versatility in degrading complex molecules
- source of antibiotics
Species of medical importance in the Bacillus genus.
Bacillus anthracis (anthrax)
Size of Bacillus anthracis
3-5m long; 1 - 1.2 m wide (VERY big)
What is unique about the spores of Bacillus anthracis?
Spores do not develop under all growth conditions except inside the host
Has peptide capsule and endotoxins.
Bacillus anthracis
Non -motile, block shaped rods, very large.
Bacillus anthracis
Koch used it to study his postulates
Bacillus anthracis
Pasteur used it in vaccinations.
Bacillus anthracis.
Bacillus anthracis is dangerous because …
it can be used as a warfare agent in bacteriological weapons
Name 3 diseases caused by Bacillus anthracis.
- Cutaneous anthrax
- Pulmonary anthrax
- Gastrointestinal anthrax
Cutaneous anthrax develops on which part of the body.
on the skin
Describe pulmonary anthrax.
Transmitted by inhaling spores. The bacilli grow from the spores in lungs. The release of endotoxins causes toxemia, thrombosis, and is 100% fatal in a short period of time.
Describe gastrointestinal anthrax.
Rare and dangerous disease.
Transmitted from contaminated meat
Penicillin, tetracycline, and cattle vaccination
Bacillus cereus has to do with
food poisoning
B. cereus spores are ____ in the environment.
abundant
Where does B. cereus come from?
air-borne, dust borne contaminant
B. cereus will _____ in cooked food like rice, potatoes, and meat.
multiply
Spores of B. cereus will ____ and release ____.
germinate; enterotoxins
How long does the B. cereus disease (food poisoning) last?
1 day
What are the symptoms of B. cereus?
No specific symptoms but it causes diarrhea, vomiting and abdominal cramps.
Is there a cure for B. cereus (food poisoning)?
no
Name a G+ Bacilli that is catalase +.
Bacillus
Name a G+ Bacilli that is catalase -.
Clostridium
Describe the genus Clostridium.
- G+
- spore forming
- anaerobic
- catalase -
- widely distributed in nature
- release POTENT exotoxins
1/2 cup will kill entire planet
Clostridium
Name 3 forms of Clostridium that deal with amputation
C. perfringes, C. novi, and C septicum
Name 5 types of Clostridium that are pathogens.
C. perfringes, C. novi, C. septicum, C. tetanti, and C. botulinium
Name the opportunistic type of Clostridium
C. difficile
Name 3 types of Clostridium used for industrial uses.
C. iodophilum, C. acetobutylicum, C. cellobiofavum
Clostridium perfringes
(pathogen) gas gangrene and myonecrosis, food poisoning
C. novyi
(pathogen) second most frequent cause of gas gangrene
C. septicum
(pathogen) third most frequent cause of gas gangrene
What are the top 3 causes of gas gangrene. In order.
C. prefringes
C. novyi
C. septicum
C. tetani
(pathogen) cause of tetanus
C. botulinium
(pathogen) cause of botulism
C. difficile
(opportunistic) antibiotic associated colitis
C. iodophilum
(industrial uses) produces acids and alcohol
C. acetobutylicum
(industrial uses) produces acids, alcohol, and benzene
C. cellobiofavum
(industrial uses) digest cellulose
How are diseases caused by Clostridium?
soluble exotoxins acting on specific cellular targets.
Name 5 diseases caused by Clostridium.
Tissue infections Colitis Tetanus Gas gangrene Food intoxication
Where is Clostridium tetani found?
soil and gastrointestinal tract of animals
How does C. tetani get in the human body?
Through punctures, wounds, or umbilical stumps. SOMETIMES nosocomially
Tetanus is also known as
lockjaw
Who does tetanus affect?
- Geriatric patients
- intravenous drug abusers
- neonatal tetanus from infected umbilical stump
- ***or circumcision (some cultures apply dung, ashes, or mud on the site)
- Spores are forced into dead tissues, no oxygen in blood allows growth
Toxin in tetanus
tetanospasmin
Tetanospasmin
exotoxin - targets spinal column
potent neurotoxin
binds the spinal neurons inhibiting muscle contraction
Tetanospasmin causes death by
respiratory collapse. High fatality rate. antitoxin (TAT) therapy
Spores of gas gangrene are found in —
soil, human skin, intestine, and vagina
Gas gangrene
anaerobic cellulitis or myonecrosis
Six causes of gangrene
- surgical incisions
- compound fractures
- diabetic sores
- septic abortions
- puncture/gunshot wounds
- crushing injuries with soil
Clostridium perfringes produces
gas via fermentation of muscle tissues
thrives in low oxygen tension and dead tissues
Clostridium perfringes
Needs an anaerobic environment
Clostridium perfringes
3 C. perfringes enzymes that enhance tissue destruction
Collagenase
DNAse
Hyaluronidase
Exotoxin of C. perfringes
Alpha toxin (lecithinase C) - very potent
Alpha toxin
lecithinase C
Ruptures RBC
causes edema disrupts tissue
Name a nosocomial infection
Antibiotic-associated colitis
C. difficile is found in
normal intestinal flora and was once thought to be harmless
Second most common cause of intestinal infection after salmonella in industrialized countries
C. difficile
Major cause of diarrhea in hospitals
C. difficile
Enterotoxins cause necrosis of intestinal epithelium
C. difficile
Caution of C. difficile
spores in stool
Control of C. difficile (4)
ampicillin, clindamycin, and cephalosporins
severe cases : vancomycin
2nd most common form of food poisoning worldwide
C. perfringes (type A)
C. perfringes type A comes from
animal flesh (meat or fish)
The enterotoxin of C. perfringes is released in
intestine. death is extremely rare.
C. botulinum is a
spore forming anaerobe
C. botulinum inhabits
soil and water
C. botulinum is found in the
intestinal tract of animals
C. botulinum is prevalent in the
northern hemisphere
How many types of C. botulinum and how do they vary
8 - each varies in distributions in animals, regions, and type of exotoxin
What are the 8 types of C. botulinum?
A, B, C-alpha, C-beta, D, E, F, G
Spores of C. botulinum are found in
low acid vegetables (green beans, corn) fruits, fish and dairy products
Exotoxin that is heat sensitive and inactivated at 100 degrees C
botulin
At what temperature is botulin inactivated
100 degrees Celsius
The most powerful microbial toxin known
botulin
The polypeptides of botulin are coded by _____ and can be genetically transmitted to others via _____.
plasmids; viruses
Botulin causes
loss of voluntary muscle control
Botulin is a danger in
canned foods
To avoid botulin you should discard ….
bulging cans and bottles
anything canned that smells bad
Produces two of the most deadly toxins known
Clostridium
Two of the most deadly toxins known are
botulin and tetanospasmin (both cause paralysis)
A cup of ___ will kill all humans
botulin
How much more powerful is botulin than rattle snake venom?
100,000x
How much more potent is botulin than strychnine?
1,000,000x
1g of botulin will kill…
200,000 mice
