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Medical Micro/Immunology > Chapter 19A > Flashcards

Chapter 19A Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Name 3 endospore forming G+ bacilli

A

Bacillus, Clostridium, Sporobacillus

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2
Q

Name 2 anaerobic endospore forming bacilli.

A

Clostridium, Sporobacillus

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3
Q

Name an anaerobic, G+ bacilli

A

Bacillus (endospore forming)

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4
Q

Name 2 G+ Bacilli that do not form spores and are regular in morphology.

A

Listeria, Erysipelothrix

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5
Q

Name 6 non endospore forming gram + Bacilli.

A
  1. Listeria
  2. Erysipelothrix
  3. Corynebacterium
  4. Propionibacterium
  5. Mycobacterium
  6. Nocardia
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6
Q

Name 4 Bacilli that are irregular in morphology.

A

Corynebacterium, Propionibacterium, Mycobacterium, Nocardia

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7
Q

Aerobic, non-endospore forming Bacilli.

A

Corynebacterium

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8
Q

Anaerobic, non-endospore forming Bacilli

A

Propionibacterium

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9
Q

Name the acid-fast Bacilli

A

Mycobacterium and Nocardia

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10
Q

Name 2 G+, aerobic Bacilli

A

Bacillus (EF) and Corynebacterium (NEF)

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11
Q

Name 3 G+, anaerobic Bacilli

A

Clostridium, Sporobacillus, and Propionibacterium

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12
Q

How do G+ Bacilli look on a gram stain?

A

purple

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13
Q

What is unique about Listeria?

A

Listeria is non endospore forming and regular in morphology. It is unique because it is a top killer in food contamination. Esp dairy products. In order to counter this grocery chains spray a virus that lyses Listeria on grocery shelves.

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14
Q

Which G+ Bacillus is closely related to acne?

A

Propionibacterium (Non-endospore forming, anaerobic, irregular in morph)

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15
Q

What is different about Mycobacterium and Nocardia?

A

They are acid-fast Bacilli and they are filamentous bacteria

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16
Q

Describe the Genus Bacillus.

A
  • mostly aerobic Gram +
  • saprobic soil bacteria
  • widely distributed
  • catalase +
  • none is fastidious
  • versatility in degrading complex molecules
  • source of antibiotics
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17
Q

Species of medical importance in the Bacillus genus.

A

Bacillus anthracis (anthrax)

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18
Q

Size of Bacillus anthracis

A

3-5m long; 1 - 1.2 m wide (VERY big)

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19
Q

What is unique about the spores of Bacillus anthracis?

A

Spores do not develop under all growth conditions except inside the host

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20
Q

Has peptide capsule and endotoxins.

A

Bacillus anthracis

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21
Q

Non -motile, block shaped rods, very large.

A

Bacillus anthracis

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22
Q

Koch used it to study his postulates

A

Bacillus anthracis

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23
Q

Pasteur used it in vaccinations.

A

Bacillus anthracis.

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24
Q

Bacillus anthracis is dangerous because …

A

it can be used as a warfare agent in bacteriological weapons

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25
Q

Name 3 diseases caused by Bacillus anthracis.

A
  1. Cutaneous anthrax
  2. Pulmonary anthrax
  3. Gastrointestinal anthrax
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26
Q

Cutaneous anthrax develops on which part of the body.

A

on the skin

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27
Q

Describe pulmonary anthrax.

A

Transmitted by inhaling spores. The bacilli grow from the spores in lungs. The release of endotoxins causes toxemia, thrombosis, and is 100% fatal in a short period of time.

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28
Q

Describe gastrointestinal anthrax.

A

Rare and dangerous disease.
Transmitted from contaminated meat
Penicillin, tetracycline, and cattle vaccination

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29
Q

Bacillus cereus has to do with

A

food poisoning

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30
Q

B. cereus spores are ____ in the environment.

A

abundant

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31
Q

Where does B. cereus come from?

A

air-borne, dust borne contaminant

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32
Q

B. cereus will _____ in cooked food like rice, potatoes, and meat.

A

multiply

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33
Q

Spores of B. cereus will ____ and release ____.

A

germinate; enterotoxins

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34
Q

How long does the B. cereus disease (food poisoning) last?

A

1 day

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35
Q

What are the symptoms of B. cereus?

A

No specific symptoms but it causes diarrhea, vomiting and abdominal cramps.

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36
Q

Is there a cure for B. cereus (food poisoning)?

A

no

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37
Q

Name a G+ Bacilli that is catalase +.

A

Bacillus

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38
Q

Name a G+ Bacilli that is catalase -.

A

Clostridium

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39
Q

Describe the genus Clostridium.

A
  • G+
  • spore forming
  • anaerobic
  • catalase -
  • widely distributed in nature
  • release POTENT exotoxins
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40
Q

1/2 cup will kill entire planet

A

Clostridium

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41
Q

Name 3 forms of Clostridium that deal with amputation

A

C. perfringes, C. novi, and C septicum

42
Q

Name 5 types of Clostridium that are pathogens.

A

C. perfringes, C. novi, C. septicum, C. tetanti, and C. botulinium

43
Q

Name the opportunistic type of Clostridium

A

C. difficile

44
Q

Name 3 types of Clostridium used for industrial uses.

A

C. iodophilum, C. acetobutylicum, C. cellobiofavum

45
Q

Clostridium perfringes

A

(pathogen) gas gangrene and myonecrosis, food poisoning

46
Q

C. novyi

A

(pathogen) second most frequent cause of gas gangrene

47
Q

C. septicum

A

(pathogen) third most frequent cause of gas gangrene

48
Q

What are the top 3 causes of gas gangrene. In order.

A

C. prefringes
C. novyi
C. septicum

49
Q

C. tetani

A

(pathogen) cause of tetanus

50
Q

C. botulinium

A

(pathogen) cause of botulism

51
Q

C. difficile

A

(opportunistic) antibiotic associated colitis

52
Q

C. iodophilum

A

(industrial uses) produces acids and alcohol

53
Q

C. acetobutylicum

A

(industrial uses) produces acids, alcohol, and benzene

54
Q

C. cellobiofavum

A

(industrial uses) digest cellulose

55
Q

How are diseases caused by Clostridium?

A

soluble exotoxins acting on specific cellular targets.

56
Q

Name 5 diseases caused by Clostridium.

A 
Tissue infections
Colitis
Tetanus
Gas gangrene
Food intoxication
57
Q

Where is Clostridium tetani found?

A

soil and gastrointestinal tract of animals

58
Q

How does C. tetani get in the human body?

A

Through punctures, wounds, or umbilical stumps. SOMETIMES nosocomially

59
Q

Tetanus is also known as

A

lockjaw

60
Q

Who does tetanus affect?

A
  • Geriatric patients
  • intravenous drug abusers
  • neonatal tetanus from infected umbilical stump
  • ***or circumcision (some cultures apply dung, ashes, or mud on the site)
    • Spores are forced into dead tissues, no oxygen in blood allows growth
61
Q

Toxin in tetanus

A

tetanospasmin

62
Q

Tetanospasmin

A

exotoxin - targets spinal column
potent neurotoxin
binds the spinal neurons inhibiting muscle contraction

63
Q

Tetanospasmin causes death by

A

respiratory collapse. High fatality rate. antitoxin (TAT) therapy

64
Q

Spores of gas gangrene are found in —

A

soil, human skin, intestine, and vagina

65
Q

Gas gangrene

A

anaerobic cellulitis or myonecrosis

66
Q

Six causes of gangrene

A
  1. surgical incisions
  2. compound fractures
  3. diabetic sores
  4. septic abortions
  5. puncture/gunshot wounds
  6. crushing injuries with soil
67
Q

Clostridium perfringes produces

A

gas via fermentation of muscle tissues

68
Q

thrives in low oxygen tension and dead tissues

A

Clostridium perfringes

69
Q

Needs an anaerobic environment

A

Clostridium perfringes

70
Q

3 C. perfringes enzymes that enhance tissue destruction

A

Collagenase
DNAse
Hyaluronidase

71
Q

Exotoxin of C. perfringes

A

Alpha toxin (lecithinase C) - very potent

72
Q

Alpha toxin

A

lecithinase C
Ruptures RBC
causes edema disrupts tissue

73
Q

Name a nosocomial infection

A

Antibiotic-associated colitis

74
Q

C. difficile is found in

A

normal intestinal flora and was once thought to be harmless

75
Q

Second most common cause of intestinal infection after salmonella in industrialized countries

A

C. difficile

76
Q

Major cause of diarrhea in hospitals

A

C. difficile

77
Q

Enterotoxins cause necrosis of intestinal epithelium

A

C. difficile

78
Q

Caution of C. difficile

A

spores in stool

79
Q

Control of C. difficile (4)

A

ampicillin, clindamycin, and cephalosporins

severe cases : vancomycin

80
Q

2nd most common form of food poisoning worldwide

A

C. perfringes (type A)

81
Q

C. perfringes type A comes from

A

animal flesh (meat or fish)

82
Q

The enterotoxin of C. perfringes is released in

A

intestine. death is extremely rare.

83
Q

C. botulinum is a

A

spore forming anaerobe

84
Q

C. botulinum inhabits

A

soil and water

85
Q

C. botulinum is found in the

A

intestinal tract of animals

86
Q

C. botulinum is prevalent in the

A

northern hemisphere

87
Q

How many types of C. botulinum and how do they vary

A

8 - each varies in distributions in animals, regions, and type of exotoxin

88
Q

What are the 8 types of C. botulinum?

A

A, B, C-alpha, C-beta, D, E, F, G

89
Q

Spores of C. botulinum are found in

A

low acid vegetables (green beans, corn) fruits, fish and dairy products

90
Q

Exotoxin that is heat sensitive and inactivated at 100 degrees C

A

botulin

91
Q

At what temperature is botulin inactivated

A

100 degrees Celsius

92
Q

The most powerful microbial toxin known

A

botulin

93
Q

The polypeptides of botulin are coded by _____ and can be genetically transmitted to others via _____.

A

plasmids; viruses

94
Q

Botulin causes

A

loss of voluntary muscle control

95
Q

Botulin is a danger in

A

canned foods

96
Q

To avoid botulin you should discard ….

A

bulging cans and bottles

anything canned that smells bad

97
Q

Produces two of the most deadly toxins known

A

Clostridium

98
Q

Two of the most deadly toxins known are

A

botulin and tetanospasmin (both cause paralysis)

99
Q

A cup of ___ will kill all humans

A

botulin

100
Q

How much more powerful is botulin than rattle snake venom?

A

100,000x

101
Q

How much more potent is botulin than strychnine?

A

1,000,000x

102
Q

1g of botulin will kill…

A

200,000 mice

Medical Micro/Immunology (8 decks)

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