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Medical Micro/Immunology > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

First level of defense

A

Barriers that block the pathogen at the portal of entry.
Anatomical structures
Skin, mucous membranes, cilia
Chemical barriers
Fatty acids, lysozyme (tears/saliva), gastric acidity

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2
Q

Second level of defense

A

Includes generalized protective cells and fluids in tissues (phagocytes)

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3
Q

Third level of defense

A

includes specific immune reactions with microbes that are required for survival (lymphocytes and antibodies)

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4
Q

Immunity

A

specific resistance aquired to an infectious agent

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5
Q

Components of immunity

A

a diffuse network of cells, fibers, chemicals, fluids, tissues, and organs that permeate the human body

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6
Q

Reticuloendothelial (mononuclear phagocyte) system

A

Continuous network of fibers and phagocytes that surrounds tissues and organs

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7
Q

Extracellular fluid

A

a fluid environment in which all cells are bathed

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8
Q

lymphatic system

A

a series of vessels and organs that carry lymph from tissues

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9
Q

blood stream

A

circulates blood to all organs

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10
Q

Composition of whole blood

A

55% plasma and 45% formed elements

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11
Q

Plasma

A

a clear liquid that contains nutrients, ions, gases, hormones, antibodies, albumin, and waste products dissolved in water
The cell-free, fluid portion of blood, which contains all the clotting factors

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12
Q

Serum

A

Plasma minus the clotting factors

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13
Q

Blood cells are formed by ______ in particular ______ sites

A

hemopoiesis, bone marrow

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14
Q

The 3 main lines of cells that come from stem cells

A
  1. leukocytes (WBC)
  2. erythrocytes (RBC)
  3. Megakaryocytes – platelets
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15
Q

Erythrocytes

A

biconcave sacs of hemoglobin that transport oxygen to and from the tissues
Have no mitochondria and lose nuclei

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16
Q

What is the stain used for RBC?

A

Wright stain - shows small pink circles

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17
Q

Explain the relationship of RBC and the immune system

A

They have no immune functions but they are the target of the immune reactions

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18
Q

Describe the path from Stem Cell to RBC

A

Stem cell -> erythrocyte line -> erythroblast -> normoblast -> reticulocyte -> Erythrocyte (RBC)

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19
Q

1 cause of death

A

respiratory tract infections

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20
Q

What is a mast cell?

A

a cell found within connective tissue that contains heparin and histamine. These substances are released from the mast cell in response to injury and infection.

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21
Q

Platelets are also known as _____

A

thrombocytes

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22
Q

Describe path from Stem cell to platelet

A

Stemcell, megakaryocyte, thrombocyte (platelet)

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23
Q

Describe thrombocytes

A

(aka platelets) pieces of cells that come from bone marrow. They are small in size.
Come from bone marrow as megakaryocyte which disintegrates into bits of cytoplasm and nuclus

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24
Q

How many platelets in blood?

A

250,000 - 500,000/mm3 of blood

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25
Q

Three granular leukocytes.

A

Basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils

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26
Q

Agranular leukocytes

A

monocytes and lymphocytes

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27
Q

Function of platelets

A

Hemostasis

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28
Q

Hemostasis

A

plugging broken blood vessles to stop bleeding

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29
Q

Inflammatory response

A

This complex system responds to tissue injury (infection, burn, allergy) by movilizing the immune system against pathogens, repairing damage, and clearing infection.

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30
Q

Signs and symptoms of inflammatory response

A

redness, heat, swelling, pain

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31
Q

Blood vessels narrow and dialate in response to ______ released by ________ and ___________

A

chemical mediators (cytokines), injured tissues and WBCs

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32
Q

What will keep the infection from spreading and swell the tissues? (inflammatory response)

A

build up of fluid from edema

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33
Q

mediators attract _________ to engluf _______ and _______

A

neutrophils, debris, and microbes

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34
Q

What types of items will collect in pus?

A

WBCs, microbes, debris, and fluid

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35
Q

_____ clean up the residue of inflammation

A

macrophages

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36
Q

what doe lymphocytes do during inflammatory response?

A

carry out immune reactions such as antibody formation and healing occurs

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37
Q

Long term inflammation can result in

A

injury and disease (granuloma)

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38
Q

Fever is due to ______

A

pyrogens

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39
Q

What are pyrogens?

A

substances released by certain white blood cells that alter the temperature setting of the brain

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40
Q

Effects of fever…

A

slow microbial multiplication and stimulate the immune response

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41
Q

Phagocytosis

A

a process whereby foreign materials are engulfed and destroyed

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42
Q

Neutrophils

A

engluf small particles, microbes, molecules, etc

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43
Q

Macrophages

A
  • Larger cells that scavenge large pockets of cellular debris and extract antigentic information
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44
Q

Where are macrophages found

A

in specific tissue or organ (liver, lung, skin) or are free and wandering

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45
Q

What happens after materials are engulfed by the cell into a phagosome vacuole?

A

lysosomes containing powerful chemicals unite with the phagosome and destroy contents

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46
Q

The primary cells of host defense and immunity can be classified as

A

granulocytes and agranulocytes

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47
Q

Granulocytes

A

Basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils
polymorpho nuclear leukocytes
contain distinct granules in cytoplasm

48
Q

Agranulocytes

A

Monocytes and lymphocytes
mononuclear lymphocytes
Lack noticeable granules
have globular, non-lobed nuclei

49
Q

Neutrophils

A

Function as phagocytes… important in phagocytosis

50
Q

55-90% of the blood stream (25x10^9 in avg body) is made of which type of blood cell?

A

Neutrophils

51
Q

Has a horseshoe - shaped nucleus

A

Nuetrophils

52
Q

Neutrophils contain _____ ______ and other chemicals to degrade phagocytized materials

A

digestive enzymes

53
Q

Eosinophils

A

function in worm and fungal infections… Role is not completely understood

54
Q

Scarcest leukocyte

A

basophils (less than .5%)

55
Q

1 - 3% of blood stream

A

eosinophils

56
Q

eosinophils are found mostly in the

A

spleen

57
Q

The Wright stain is used to easily distinguish

A

Eosinophils (orange - red)

58
Q

The granules of eosinophils contain

A

peroxidase, lysozyme, and other digestive enzymes

59
Q

Eosinophils have weak action on _________ and strong action on ________

A

bacteria, virus, etc.

parasites and fungi (eukaryotic cells)

60
Q

Blood cell involved in allergic reactions and inflammation

A

basophils

61
Q

Stains for basophils

A

acidic dyes (eosin) and basic dyes (methylene blue)

62
Q

Basophils work with _________ and are similar to ____________

A

tissue mast cells … non-motile mast cells

63
Q

Basophils release

A

histamine, serotonin, heparin, and several enzymes

64
Q

How do lymphocytes move?

A

ameboid motion

65
Q

20 - 30% of leukocytes in blood

A

lymphocytes

66
Q

Lymphocytes are most important in

A

immunological functions

67
Q

Diapedesis

A

how WBCs (lymphocytes) move from blood to tissue between endothelial cells of small blood vessels. They extrude bw spaces into extracellular regions because they have a “plastic shape”

68
Q

How do lymphocytes respond to tissue injury or infection?

A

by migrating toward chemical signals (chemotaxis)

69
Q

B and T cells are generated by

A

lymphocytes

70
Q

B-cells are from the

A

chicken glad (Bursa of Fabricious) and human bone marrow

71
Q

T-cells are from the

A

thymus

72
Q

B-cells are involved in

A

humural activity

73
Q

humural activity

A

protective molecules carried in the fluids of the body

74
Q

Describe path of B-cell to antibody

A

B-cell > activated B cell > plasma cell > antibody (protein)

75
Q

T-cells engage in many immune reactions collectively called

A

cell-mediated immunity (CMI)

76
Q

Types of T-cells

A

Suppress, help, and kill

77
Q

Largest leukocyte

A

monocyte

78
Q

Percentage of monocytes as phagocytes in blood stream

A

3-7%

79
Q

Describe the morphology of the nucleus in a monocyte

A

oval or kidney shaped

80
Q

Monocytes

A

Have vacuoles with digestive enzymes
start as phagocytes (small) then macrophages
Long lived and multiplies

81
Q

Which blood cell cleans systems of debris

A

monocytes

82
Q

Monocytes transport …

A

foreign molecules to lymphocytes

83
Q

Monocytes secrete compounds that …

A

assist, mediate, attract, and inhibit immune cells and reactions

84
Q

The lymphatic system

A

it begins as fine capillaries in tissues and gradually joins together with larger vessels that eventually drain into the blood circulation

85
Q

Lymph

A

fluid that contains serum components of WBC (vessels transport lymph)
thick yellow fluid carried by lymphatic circulation
Made of: water, dissolved salts, and 2-5% protein
Transports: wbc, fats, cellular debris, infectious agents (microorgs) NO RBCs

86
Q

Lymphatic organs

A

lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils, gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), Peyer’s patches

87
Q

Lymph nodes

A

compact filters where lymphocytes aggregate and where immune challenges occur

88
Q

Spleen

A

blood filter and respository of immune cells

89
Q

thymus

A

where t-cells mature

90
Q

Lymphatic vessels

A

transport lymph along the lines of regular blood vessels

Unidirectional: from extremities to heart

91
Q

Complement C-Factor

A

a complex, multiple duty, versatile back up system of the immune system

92
Q

Chemical defense system that destroys certain pathogens and produces chemical mediators

A

complement c-factor

93
Q

The complement c-factor completes or brushes up

A

immune reaction

94
Q

The complement c-factor is made of _______ that work together to ____________

A

20 blood proteins

destroy microorgs invading our system

95
Q

Complement c-factor will attack ______

A

membranes of bacteria

96
Q

The system components of C-Factor come from ______

A

liver hepatocytes, lymphocytes, and monocytes

97
Q

C-factor focuses on

A

speed, activity, and efficacy of action

98
Q

Comlement involves chemical (c-factors) that act in a __________

A

cascade fashion

99
Q

Cascade reaction

A

sequential physiological response, in which the first substance in a chemical series activates the next substance, which activates the next, and so on until a desired end product is reached
C1 –> C9

100
Q

Pathways of cascade reaction

A

classical and alternate

101
Q

Classical pathway

A

activation of C by specific Antibody

102
Q

Alternate pathway

A

non-specific reaction to infections

results in the Membrane Attack Complex (MAC)

103
Q

Membrane Attack Complex (MAC)

A

destroys all kinds of microorgs by disrupting their cell membranes

104
Q

What is an interferon (IFN)?

A

a small protein produced by certain WBCs and tissue cells. Used as therapy against certain viral infections and cancer and other microbes. Not virus specific. Deals with immune regulation and intercommunication

105
Q

Types of interferons

A

alpha, beta, and gamma - interferons

106
Q

The types of interferons are produced in response to

A

viruses, RNA, immune products, and various agents

107
Q

Alpha-interferon

A

product of lymphocytes and macrophages
activates natural killer cells
stimulates phagocytes

108
Q

Beta-interferon

A

From fibroblast and epithelial cells
Role in maturation of B and T cells
stimulate phagocytes

109
Q

Gamma-interferon

A

product of T-cells
immune regulator of macrophages, B&T cells
inhibits some cancer cells

110
Q

Interferons bind to _________ and induce changes in ___________ and thus results vary

A

cell surfaces; genetic expression

111
Q

All 3 types of interferons can inhibit _____ and have _______

A

expression of cancer genes; tumor suppressor effects

112
Q

Specificity

A

Ab against chicken pox will function against that particular virus only

113
Q

Memory

A

lymphocytes recall their first engagement with the invader (ag) and rush to attack once again

114
Q

Antigen (Immunogens)

A

proteins or other complex molecules of high MW that trigger the immune response in the host. Generate production of antibodies

115
Q

Immunocompetence develops during

A

late fetal or early neonatal period when b&t cells react to only one spec antigen

116
Q

B&T cells generate

A

aquired specific immunities

Medical Micro/Immunology (8 decks)

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