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Personality Theories > Chapter 19: Personality Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 19: Personality Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Are personality disorders considered to be normative in most cultures?

A

No - people with personality disorders possess maladaptive traits, emotions, motives, cognition, and self-concept

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2
Q

What pattern are psychologists looking for to diagnose someone with a personality disorder?

A

Abnormal patterns, specifically patterns of experiences and behavior that do not fit in the context of a person’s culture

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3
Q

What if the pattern of behavior is infrequent? Can a person still have a personality disorder?

A

No, the patterns that define personality disorders are persistent and pervasive over a long period of time

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4
Q

What is the driving cause of personality disorder development?

A

Biology = considered the foundation for multiple personality disorders

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5
Q

Are personality disorders understood as a combination of standard personality traits?

A

Not entirely–personality disorders can develop from maladaptive variations or combinations of normal personality traits

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6
Q

Several personality disorders involve maladaptive variations on common motives, including…

A

Power and Intimacy

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7
Q

Do personality disorders have notable characteristics?

A

Yes, the characteristics of personality disorders manifest in an extreme fashion

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8
Q

Patterns must manifest in which 2+ areas?

A
  1. Cognition (ways of perceiving and interpreting self/other people)
  2. Affectivity (range, intensity, and appropriateness of emotional responses)
  3. Interpersonal functioning
  4. Impulse control
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9
Q

The Enduring pattern is ________ & __________ across different contexts and social situations.

A

inflexible and pervasive

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10
Q

The Enduring pattern is ___________ &__________ over time

A

stable and persists

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11
Q

The onset of the enduring pattern is traced back to

A

Childhood and adolescence

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12
Q

The enduring pattern is not from the manifestation or consequence of another ______ _______

A

mental disorder

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13
Q

The Enduring pattern is not from ______________ abuse

A

substance abuse, including drugs or medication of any kind

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14
Q

How would you define a psychological disorder based on your knowledge of characteristic and criterion information?

A

A psychological disorder is a patterned experience and behavior that is painful and distressing to a person

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15
Q

The pain and distress from having a psychological disorder leads to…

A

disability or impairment in important life domains

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16
Q

Psychological disorders are associated with the increased risk of…

A

suffering (pain), loss of function, death or confinement

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17
Q

Define abnormal psychology

A

study of mental disorder—including though disorders, emotional disorders, and personality disorders

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18
Q

What is the statistical and social definitions of abnormal?

A

Statistical = whatever is different from the norm (outlier in a set of data)

Social = whatever society does not tolerate or deem acceptable

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19
Q

Are statistical and social definitions tied to changing social or cultural norms?

A

Yes! Therefore, psychologists look within persons, inquiring about subjective feelings and feelings of loneliness

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20
Q

Before defining behavior as revealing a personality order, what three things must be taken into account?

A
  1. Culture
  2. Age
  3. Gender
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21
Q

How do we diagnose PD?

A

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) = helps define and classify mental disorders

Revised in 2013 – DSM-5-TR

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22
Q

Initial diagnostic tool (DSM-IV) was based on what type of view?

A

categorical view of personality disorders = one either had the disorder or they did not have the disorder

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23
Q

In 2013, the DSM-IV’s categorical view of personality disorders was almost replaced with what opposing type?

A

Dimensional view of personality disorders = each disorder is seen as a continuum, ranging from normality at one end to severe disability/disturbance at the other end

24
Q

According to the dimensional view of personality disorders, people with and without a disorder only differ based on ____________

A

degree

25
Q

True or False: changes were made to the DSM-IV and psychologists did not stick with the categorical view of personality disorders?

A

False – no change ended up being made

26
Q

What are the implications of diagnosing (Dx) someone?

A
  1. Treatment
  2. Medication
  3. Eligibility for disability
  4. Perceptions of self & others perception of individual
27
Q

What is the point of diagnosing disorders?

A
  1. Can plan treatments, provide recommendations
  2. Allows research to be conducted,
  3. Insurance purposes
  4. Psycho-education = therapeutic intervention for individual and their loved ones
28
Q

Cluster A disorders are characterized by __________ thinking or behaviors

A

eccentric

29
Q

Cluster A consists of which personality disorders?

A

Schizoid
Schizotypal
Paranoid

30
Q

Schizoid and Schizotypal root from

A

schizophrenia = cutting the mind off from itself and from reality

31
Q

Schizoid personality disorder

A

is a split off (schism) or detached from normal social relations –> not interest in forming relationships

  • detached from normal social relationships
  • obtains little pleasure from bodily or sensory experience
  • passive in the face of unpleasant events
32
Q

Schizotypal personality disorder

A

a psychological disorder characterized by several traits that cause interpersonal issues…

  • anxious in social relations and avoids people
  • appears “different” and does not conform
  • odd and eccentric beliefs
  • disorganized thoughts and speech
33
Q

Paranoid personality disorder

A

type of personality disorder characterized by extreme suspiciousness or mistrust of others

  • distrustful of others and harbors resentment
  • misinterprets social events as threatening
  • argumentative and hostile
  • believe in conspiracies
34
Q

Cluster B disorders are characterized by _________ thoughts and behaviors

A

Erratic

35
Q

What disorders fall under Cluster B?

A

Borderline
Narcissistic
Histrionic
Antisocial

36
Q

Borderline personality disorder

A

characterized by instability in identity, in affectivity, and impulse control

  • marked by instability of relationships, emotions, self-image
  • person fears abandonment (think of video where woman cuts her self and writes love letter in blood)
  • aggressive, prone to self-harm, and emotional
37
Q

Narcissistic personality disorder

A

characterized by a grandiose sense of self and lack of insight into other people’s feelings (lacks empathy)

  • incessant need to be admired
  • strong sense of self-importance
  • lack of insight into other people’s feelings or needs
  • sense of entitlement
  • self-esteem appears strong but is fragile
38
Q

Histrionic personality disorder

A

impulsive attention seeking behavior –> appear charming

  • marked by excessive attention seeking and emotionality
  • person is sexually provocative
  • opinions are shallow
  • has a strong need for attention
39
Q

Antisocial personality disorder

A

general disregard for others and cares very little about the rights, feelings, and happiness of others –> sociopath or psychopath

  • person has little concern for others
  • impulsive and easily irritated
  • lack of guilt feelings or remorse
  • indifference to the suffering of others
40
Q

What is psychopathy?

A

a condition marked by the absence of empathy and deficient emotional responses

41
Q

True or False: Personas with BPD, compared to those without, have a higher incidence rate of childhood physical or sexual abuse, neglect, or early parental loss

A

True

42
Q

Cluster C disorders are categorized by _________ thoughts and behaviors

A

anxious

43
Q

What disorders fall under Cluster C?

A

Dependent
Avoidant
Obsessive-Compulsive (OCPD)

44
Q

Dependent personality disorder

A

long-standing need to be taken care of, self doubt, unable to make decisions independently –> rely on others and quite unhappy alone

  • excessive need to be taken care of
  • submissive
  • seek reassurance from others incessantly
  • rarely takes initiative and rarely disagrees with others
45
Q

Avoidant personality disorder

A
  • feelings of inadequacy
  • sensitivity to criticism
  • restriction of activities to avoid embarrassment
  • low-self esteem
46
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive disorder

A

anxiety disorder characterized by repetitive obsessions and compulsions

  • preoccupied with order and perfection
  • rigid, inflexible and stubborn
47
Q

What is prevalence?

A

refers to the total number of cases present within a given population during a particular period of time

48
Q

What is the most prevalent personality disorder?

A

Obsessive-Compulsive disorder

  • prevalence rate is 4%
49
Q

Which personality disorders have a prevalence rate of 2%?

A

Schizotypal, histrionic, and dependent personality

50
Q

What is the least prevalent personality disorder?

A

Narcissistic personality disorder

51
Q

True or False: it is difficult to get global prevalence accurate

A

True
- high levels of heterogeneity in most studies
- more large-scale studies with standardized methodologies are needed as most follow Westernized methods

52
Q

Is antisocial personality disorder more prevalent among men or women?

A

men

53
Q

Is borderline personality disorder more prevalent among men or women?

A

women

54
Q

Is dependent personality disorder more prevalent among men or women?

A

women

55
Q

Only distinctions made between normal personality traits and disorders are in terms of…

A
  • Maladaptiveness
  • Extremity
  • Rigidity
56
Q

Causes of personality disorders

A

Genetics –> has largest impact
- plays a major role in the formation of schizotypal personality disorder

Environment
- childhood trauma and interpersonal relationships

Combination of either creates antisocial personality disorder

Personality Theories (8 decks)

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