Chapter 19 Part 1

Question 1

differential survival and production based on variations in their trait

Answer 1

natural selection

Question 2

what is the result of natural selection

Answer 2

traits that help organisms survive and reproduce more effective.

Question 3

traits preferred by human breeders

Answer 3

artificial selection

Question 4

what does natural and artificial selection have in common?

Answer 4

increases frequency of the favored trait from one generation to the next

Question 5

selection

Answer 5

acts on genetic variation to produce new phenotypes

Question 6

principles of evolution?

Answer 6

-species change over time
-divergent species share a common ancestor, and species have diverged gradually over time. (Descent with modification).
-mechanisms that produce change over time are natural selection.

Question 7

what is evolution?

Answer 7

change in the genetic composition of populations over time, allele frequencies change.

Question 8

what are the five mechanisms/processes of evolution?

Answer 8

-mutation
-selection
-genetic flow
-genetic drift
-nonrandom mating

Question 9

what do the processes of evolution result in?

Answer 9

changes in genetic frequencies over time

Question 10

what is the origin of genetic variation

Answer 10

mutation

Question 11

mutation

Answer 11

any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA. -mistake with repair mechanisms.

Question 12

mutations can be

Answer 12

harmful or neutral

Question 13

some mutations are beneficial with…..

Answer 13

change in environment conditions

Question 14

mutation rates are high in viruses and low in ___

Answer 14

eukaryotes

Question 15

Why do low rates of mutation still cause high variation in eukaryotes?

Answer 15

large # of genes that can mutate and populations have a large # of individuals.

Question 16

what is the result of a mutation?

Answer 16

different forms a gene in a gene pool.

Question 17

gene pool

Answer 17

the sum of all copies of all alleles at all loci in a population

Question 18

____ acts of genetic variation to produce new phenotypes

Answer 18

selection

Question 19

A favored trait that spreads through a population by differential survival and production

Answer 19

adaptation

Question 20

gene flow

Answer 20

migration of individuals and movements of gametes b/w populations.

Question 21

gene flow can…

Answer 21

add alleles to the gene pool or change allele frequencies.

Question 22

genetic drift

Answer 22

random changes in allele frequencies. usually decreases variation in populations

Question 23

population bottleneck

Answer 23

env conditions result in the survival of only a few individuals.

Question 24

founder effect

Answer 24

colonizing pop. is unlikely to have all the alleles present in the whole population. have trouble finding mates.

Question 25

nonrandom mating

Answer 25

ind. choose mates with particular phenotypes. -sexual selection.

Question 26

Hardy W helps predict __

Answer 26

genotype frequencies from allele frequencies.

Question 27

Hardy W conditions

Answer 27

-no mutations -no selection among genotypes -no gene flow -population size infinite -mating is random