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Medical Terminology Part 11 > Chapter 19 - Important Slides > Flashcards

Chapter 19 - Important Slides Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What is cancer?

A

Unrestrained and excessive growth of cells.

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2
Q

What is malignant tumors?

A
  1. Compress, invade, and destroy surrounding tissues

2. They do not ‘eat away’ anything. They just invade!

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3
Q

List the characteristics of malignant tumor (!!!)

A
  1. Multiply rapidly
  2. Invasive and infiltrative
  3. Undifferentiated and anaplastic
  4. Metastasize (spreads)
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4
Q

List the characteristics of benign tumor (!!!)

A
  1. Grow slowly
  2. Encapsulated and noninvasive
  3. Well-differentiated
  4. Don’t spread, nonmetastatic
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5
Q

What is neoplasms (tumor)? (!!!)

A

Growth that arise from normal tissue

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6
Q

What is encapsulated tumor?

A

A tumor within a fibrous capsule that do not invade surrounding tissue

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7
Q

What is differentiated tumor?

A

A tumor composed of cells that resemble the normal tissue from which they are derived (look like parent/original cells).

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8
Q

Which cancers are the most common causes of cancer death for women?

A

Lung —>breast —>colorectal. In this order of commonality.

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9
Q

Which cancers are the most common causes of cancer death for men?

A

Lung —> colorectal —> prostate. In that order of commonality.

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10
Q

What are the 2 main functions of DNA?

A
  1. Control the production of new cells (cell division), specifically mitosis. DNA copies itself and produces 2 identical daughter cells.
  2. Control the production of protein synthesis.
    So, DNA—>RNA—>protein synthesis
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11
Q

Define carcinogenesis

A
  1. Transformation of a normal cell to a cancerous one

2. Environmental agents that can cause damage to DNA, which then will produce cancer.

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12
Q

What are some of the ways carcinogenesis can cause damage to genetic material?

A
  1. DNA Function
  2. Mitosis
  3. Protein synthesis
  4. Nucleotides
  5. Genes
  6. Mutations
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13
Q

What are the environmental agents that cause carcinogen? (!!!)

A
  1. Chemical carcinogen
  2. Radiation
  3. Viruses
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14
Q

What are some examples of chemical carcinogens? (!!!)

A
  1. Hydrocarbons such as cigarette smoke, exhaust, or insecticides
  2. Hormones, dye and industry chemicals
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15
Q

What are some examples of radiation causing environmental carcinogens? (!!!)

A

Sunlight (UV rays), x-rays, and radioactive substances

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16
Q

What are some examples of viruses causing environmental carcinogens? (!!!)

A
  1. Human T cell leukemia virus (HTVL1)
  2. Human papillomavirus (HPV)
  3. Hepatitis B and C
17
Q

What are oncogenes? (!!!)

A
  1. Pieces of normal DNA that cause normal cells to become malignant when activated by mutation.
  2. Part of environmental agents causing carcinogenesis
18
Q

What are some examples of oncogenes? (!!!)

A
  1. ras = colon cancer
  2. myc = lymphoma
  3. bcr-abl = Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML) —> Philadelphia Chromosome = translocation of chromosome 9 and 22.
19
Q

What is the heredity factors in causing cancers/carcinogenesis? (!!!)

A

Inherited factors transmitted from parents to offspring through defects in DNA of the egg or sperm cells

20
Q

List the heredity factors that causes cancer/carcinogenesis

A
  1. Retinoblastoma
  2. Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Syndrome
  3. Abnormalities in suppressor genes
  4. Genetic Screening
21
Q

What is retinoblastoma?

A
  1. Tumor of the retina (inherited cancer)

2. Childhood cancer arising from immature cells in the retina

22
Q

What is Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Syndrome?

A

An inherited cancer of polyps that grow in the colon and rectum

23
Q

What is suppressor genes?

A
  1. In normal person = suppressor genes regulate growth, promote differentiation, and suppress oncogenes.
  2. Abnormalities in suppressor genes = no regulation in cell division which leads to cancer.
24
Q

What is genetic screening?

A

Blood tests used to determine cancer-causing genes have been inherited

25
Q

What are examples of suppressor genes?

A
  1. RB1 = retinoblastoma (Rb) type 1 gene

2. TP53 = Li-Fraumeni syndrome

26
Q

What are the 3 major classifications of cancerous tumors?

A
  1. Carcinomas
  2. Sarcomas
  3. Mix-tissue tumors
27
Q

What is carcinomas?

A
  1. Solid hard tumors that are derived from epithelial tissue
  2. 90% of all malignancies are carcinoma
  3. Named by using term carcinoma and adding the type of tissue in which the tumor occurs.
28
Q

What is adenocarcinoma?

A

Cancerous tumor of glandular tissue

29
Q

What are the carcinomas derived from the epithelial cells of the lung?

A
  1. Adenocarcinoma (bronchioloalveolar)
  2. Small and large cell carcinoma
  3. Squamous cell carcinoma
30
Q

What are the carcinomas derived from the epithelial cells of the reproductive organs?

A
  1. Adenocarcinoma of the uterus
  2. Squamous cell carcinoma of the penis
  3. Choriocarcinoma of the uterus or testes
  4. Cystadenocarcinoma of the ovaries
  5. Seminoma and embryonal cell carcinoma (testes)
  6. Squamous cell carcinoma of the vagina or cervix
31
Q

What are the carcinomas that derive from the epithelial of the skin?

A
  1. Basal cell carcinoma from the basal cell layer
  2. Malignant melanoma from the melanocytes
  3. Squamous cell carcinoma from the squamous cell layer
32
Q

What are sarcomas? (!!!)

A

1) Derived from connective tissue in the body such as bone, fat muscle cartilage, bone marrow, and lymphatic system
2) 5% of all malignancies
3) Mesenchymal tissue used to describe embryonic connective tissue from which sarcomas are derived

Medical Terminology Part 11 (11 decks)

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