Chapter 18 - plant diversity Flashcards
Plant
-a multicellular eukaryote that has cell walls
-does photosynthesis
-adapted to living on land
Secondary metabolites
Chemicals produced by plants that are not directly involved in the normal growth, development, or reproduction of the organism.
Heterotrop
consumers who depend on other animals or plants for energy (animals)
Autotrophs
producers who prepare their own food (plants)
What were the first true vascular plants?
Ferns
What were the first seed plants?
gymnosperms
Moss (15,000)
gametophyte (makes gametes) - haploid
sporophyte (fertilization) - diploid
spores - haploid
Nonvascular plant(s)
no xylem or phloem
no roots
short
life cycle dependent on water
(mosses)
Vascular plant(s)
have xylem and phloem
roots
grow tall
life cycle does NOT depend on water
(ferns, angiosperm, gymnosperms)
What is the function of Xylem and Phloem
Xylem transports water
Phloem transports nutrients
What is lignin
a polymer found in cell wall of VASCULAR plants
provides structure, support, and durability
Ferns (12,000)
- mostly terrestrial with dew aquatic
- large and long-lived
- mostly live moist habitats
*longer diplod phase
Gymnosperms
- fruitless see plants
- female gametophytes develop on exterior of sporophyte
- no ovary!! seeds are unprotected
Angiosperms
- divided into 2 clades
monocots and eudicots
Monocots (22%)
one sprouting leaf
vascular tissue scattered throughout stem
wide network of roots
Eudicots (75%)
2+ sprouting leaves
vascular tissue centered in a circular arrangement in stem
single large main root with small branching roots
What clade are grasses apart of?
Poaceae
(70% of all crops are grasses)
2 steps for plant development
pollination: the process of transferring pollen grains from another
fertilization: the fusion of male and female gametes to form a diploid zygote
2 types of pollination vectors
abiotic: assistance in pollination by wind, rain, etc.
biotic: assistance in pollination by animals (birds, bees, flies, etc.)
What makes pollen granules tough and resistant to harsh conditions?
Sporopollen
Constitutive plant defense
always present in the plant
Induced plant defense
produced in reaction to damage or stress
