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BIO 102 > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Fitness

A

ability of an organism to survive and REPRODUCE

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2
Q

Binary Fission

A

a type of asexual reproduction in which one parental cell divides into two

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3
Q

Gene transfer

A

the process by which bacteria can exchange segments of DNA between each other

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4
Q

Adaptation

A

The process by which populations become better suited to their environment as a result of natural selection.

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5
Q

Gene flow

A

movement of alleles from one population of a species to another

EX: hybrid “grolar” bear

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6
Q

Gene pool

A

collection of all genes (including alleles) present within a population

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7
Q

Microevolution

A

Change in allele frequencies in a population over generations.

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8
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

A

principle that allele frequencies in a population will remain constant unless one or more factors cause the frequencies to change

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9
Q

5 Conditions of Hardy Weinberg Principle

A
  1. Very large population
  2. No gene flow between populations
  3. No mutations
  4. Random mating
  5. No natural selection
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10
Q

Causes of evolutionary change

A

NATRUAL SELECTION

genetic drift

gene flow

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11
Q

3 ways natural selection can affect populations

A

stabilizing selection

directional selection

disruptive selection

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12
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

species with average or moderate phenotypes are more likely to survive and reproduce

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13
Q

Directional selection

A

favors one extreme phenotype over the others in a population

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14
Q

Disruptive selection

A

phenotypes of populations is at both extremes of range

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15
Q

Natural selection in bacteria is caused by…

A

directional selection

bc when antibiotics are present bacteria with genes for resistance have the greatest fitness.

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16
Q

Allen’s Rule

A

warm climates: body is long & skinny

cold climates: body is more compact

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17
Q

Bergmann’s Rule

A

warm climates: body is small

cold climates: body is large

18
Q

Artificial selection

A

humans intentionally choose specific organisms to breed

EX: dogs and corn

19
Q

Risks of artificial selection

A
  • increased genetic problems
  • changes in behavior
  • increased obesity
  • increase disease susceptibility
  • less ability to adapt
20
Q

What are the 3 ways natural selection can affect populations?

A
  1. stabilizing selection
  2. directional selection
  3. disruptive selection
21
Q

Species

A

organisms that can be interbreed in nature to produce healthy offspring

22
Q

Speciation

A

formation of new species from one

23
Q

Reproductive isolation

A

mechanisms that prevent mating (and therefore gene flow) between members of different species

24
Q

Morphological species concept

A
  • specie that are visibly similar to each other in terms of their physical appearance
  • can be applied to ASEXUAL organisms and fossils
25
Q

Ecological species concept

A
  • species adapted to a particular set of resources in its environment (called niche)
  • focuses on unique adaptations to a biological community
26
Q

Phylogenetic species concept

A
  • defines a species as the smallest group of individuals that share a common ancestor
  • form one branch of the tree of life
27
Q

Prezygotic barriers

A

prevents gametes from meeting (and becoming a zygote)

28
Q

Examples of prezygotic barriers

A

habitat isolation

temporal isolation

behavioral isolation

mechanical isolation

gametic isolation

29
Q

Postzygotic barriers

A

prevents zygotes from creating new generations

30
Q

Examples of postzygotic barriers

A

reduced hybrid viability

reduced hybrid fertility

hybrid breakdown

31
Q

Gene drift

A

random changes in the allele frequencies of a population between generations

32
Q

Types of gene drift

A

bottleneck effect and founder effect

33
Q

Bottleneck effect

A

population is reduced in size due to natural disasters, habitat loss, and/or overhunting

34
Q

Founder effect

A

when a small group splits off from the main population to find their own colony

35
Q

Ring speciation

A

those at far extremes are NOT compatible

but neighboring species ARE compatible

36
Q

Natural selection _______ adapts the population

A

better

37
Q

Nonadaptive evolution

A

-random changes that don’t affect fitness for an environment

-caused by mutation, genetic drift, and gene flow

38
Q

Homozygous dominant

A

BB

39
Q

Homozygous recessive

A

bb

40
Q

Heterozygous traits

A

Bb

BIO 102 (9 decks)

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