Chapter 1 Flashcards
Science
The process of using observations and experiments to draw conclusions based on evidence
Anecdotal evidence
- an informal observation that has not been systemically tested
- evidence is based in first-hand, personal observations
-few points of data are considered
- conclusions are not verified through independent testing (often unreliable)
Scientific evidence
- evidence that is from systemic observation and experimentation
- a lot of data points are considered
- conclusions are formed by a peer review process, done by experts
- conclusions are published in scientific journals
Peer review
a process in which independent experts read scientific studies before they are published to ensure that. the study is accurate and true
Hypothesis
A question
A hypothesis must be ________ and _______
testable and falsifiable
Experiment
a scientific procedure designed to trst a specific hypothesis
Controlled experiment
an experiment in which there are at least two groups, a control group & experimental group
Statistical significance
a measure of confidence that the results obtained are “real” and not due to chance
Sample size
the number of experimental subjects or the number of times an experiment is repeated
Epidemiology
the study of patterns of diseases in population including risk factors
Case-control study
A study that compares two groups of people: those with the disease or condition(cases) and a very similar group of people who do not have the disease or condition (controls).
dose-response relationship
a relationship between the amount of chemical or physical exposure and the risk of a specific outcome in an exposed organism
recall bias
a type of error resulting from inaccurate recollection or reposting of past events.
randomized clinical trial
a controlled medical experiment in which subjects are randomly chosen to receive an experimental treatment or a standard treatment (or placebo)
