Chapter 18- Methods Of Measuring Intelligence Flashcards
What are four different methodologies to measuring intelligence?
- Psychometric tests
- Binet tests
- Weschler tests
- IQ tests
What is a PSCHOMETRIC TEST?
Standardised measure of a selected aspect of an individuals behaviour used to measure intelligence in different people
what does the psychometric test allow for? i.e. its four unique features
- Comparisons
- Predictions
- Assesments
- Provides a score for an individual
What are two examples of psychometric tests?
- STANDFORD BINET INTELLIGENCE TEST SCALE
- WESCHLER INTELLIGENCE TEST SCALE
Who is BINET and how was he significant?
- Every intelligence test we have is due to him
- Designed test that are used to assess intelligence
- Tested kids of all ages and there related ability
- Tested kids on ‘mental functions’
The SB-V (Standford- Binet intelligence test) provides single scores for what five aspects of intelligence?
- FLUID REASONING
- KNOWLEDGE
- QUALITATIVE PROCESSING
- VISUAL-SPATIAL PROCESSING
- WORKING MEMORY
TRUE OR FALSE. The number of items correctly answered by child in SB-V is expressed as an **AGE **
TRUE
The scroing of the SB-V is known as the…
MENTAL AGE (MA)
What is the MA (Mental Age)?
A score indicating the level of mental functioning in years, as measured by an intelligence test
e.g. The child answers 8 questions corectly. the average age for a correct response is 3 yrs and 6mths therefore the child’s intelligence is 3 yrs and 6mths
What is the CA (Chronolgical Age)?
The actual age since birth in years, months or days e.g. Timmy is 8 years old and 6 mths
What is the use of Comparing the CA with the MA?
- Can see a child’s development
- People 2 years below MA means need special help (i.e. special instruction.)
Who adapted Binets tests?
TERMAN. He added items for adults.
The WESCHLER test provides…
- A good measure of both crystalised and fluid intelligence.
- Like the SB-V it gives general score for intelligence & 4 seperate aspects of intelligence
The Weschler scales are broken into three seperate test according to age known as…
- WAIS-IV for 16+ yrs
- WISC-IV for 6-17 yrs
- WPPSI-III for 2.5-7 yrs
What are the four aspects of intelligence for the WISC-IV? (Children intelligence test)?
- Verbal comprehension
- Perceptual reasoning Index
- Working memory Index
- Processing Speed Index
Explain the VERBAL COMPREHENSION INDEX
Ability to…
process verbal information, think and reason with words and previously learned information
Explain the PERCEPTUAL REASONING INDEX
Ability to…
Think in visual images to reason without the use of words and to interpret **visual information **
e.g. Complete a missing portion of a picture matrix by selecting one of five options
Explain the WORKING MEMORT INDEX
Refers to the short-term memory and attention
**e.g. Listen to a seqence of numbers and letters presented orally, recall the letters in alphabetical order as stated by examiner **
Explain the PROCESSING SPEED INDEX
Refers to the mental efficency, including attention, concentration, short-term visual memory and the ability to perform simple, clerical-type tasks quickly
e.g. copying symbols the are paired with geometric shapes/numbers using key within time limit
What is an advantage of the Wechler system?
- It is broken into different aspects therfore it is possible for people to show cognitive strengths and **limitations **
- The IQ scores are based on total combined performance on 4 components
- Test language and **non-lanuguage **abilities seperately
- Can be used with a range of ages (6-89 years)
e.g. non-enlgish speaking child performs badily on verbal component but perform well on other task.
What is the purpose of the Weschler test?
Useful in…
- Diagnosing **learning difficulties **
- Devising **learning reocovery programs **
- Diagnosing issues with brain trauma
What is a disadvantage of the Weschler test?
It is time consuming taking up to 90 minutes
What kind of tests categories are there? (Psychometric test usually fall into one of these categories!)
- Aptitude test e.g. hand eye coordinate test
- Personality test i.e. traits,behaviours
- Achievement test i.e. learning, success, accomplishment in task
- Creativity test *i.e. Original thinking/problem sole in novel situations *
- Motivational tests i.e. one’s interests and drive
- Interest inventories *i.e. preference for acitivities in career guidance *
- Neuropsycholigcal tests *i.e. for brain functioning & damage. *
What kind of Psychometric test types are there?
- GROUP test comppleted at same time e.g. Differential Aptitude Test (DAT) for vocational guidance
- INDIVIDUAL test administered by psychologist, can be _oral,aural, maitpulative task_s e.g. WISC-IV & SB-V
What are the issues in Psychometric testing?
- Standaradisation: conditions must be the same for all
- Practice: Some people better at taking test
- Fairness of test design: Culture and langauge bias (favouring of one population over another)
- Quality control in test design: test must truly meausre the property it is designed too and be consistent one sitting to the next
- Validity & reliability
- *Motivation: *Some eager than others
- Application of results: not used alone to indicate psychological functioning e.g. person may be NERVOUS, TIRED, DISTRACTED, SHY influencing results one day to the next
What does IQ refer to?
A numerical score on an intelligence test, showing how much someones intelligence as measured by an intelligence test compares with other people of the **same group **
IQ= MA/CA X 100
What is the good of IQ?
- It provides a convenient way to represent a child’s or **adolescent’s intelligence **
- Makes a good compairson to **average **
- **BUT **
- It is NO good for adults (apprently intelligence plateaus in adulthood.)
TRUE OR FALSE: IQ=Intelligence
FALSE
- It is just a measure of intelligence
- It is no more than a number
What three factors do IQ tests depend on?
- Type of test taken
- Conditions of testing
- Personal charcteristics of the **test-taker e.g. physical impairment, test anxiety/shyness/test familarity **
What is the feautures of an IQ test?
- Usually standardised so norm median = 100
- Occurs on a normal distribution (bell curve)
- IQ based on (Standard) deviations from average score
- e.g. Average iQ is within one standard deviation (15 IQ points) from thee mean IQ score
- Standard deviation = 15
For a test norm to be obtained what must occur to the test scores/ what must they be:
- Standadised
- Administered to a large amount of people
What must you be aware of to STANDADISE a test:
- CULTRAL BIAS
- CULTURE FAIR
- LINGUISTIC BIAS
Explain CULTRAL BIAS
Tendency of a test..
to give a lower score to a person a culture different to which on the test was **standardised. **
Explain CULTURE FAIR
Attempts to provide items that will NOT disadvantage or penalise a test-taker on the basis of their cultral or ethnic background
Explain LINGUISTIC BIAS
Occurs when an examinee scores poorly on an intelligence test because his/her language is different from the language used on the test
What is the advantage of intelligence test?
- Its a standardised IQ score
- Quick, easy to administer
- if properly constructed is more objective and fairer over face-to-face interview
- can compare ones score to other people of the same age
- helpful for making predictions about academic performance
- useful selection pruposes for people best suited to certain tasks e.g. those with intellectual dissability
What is the disadvantage of intelligence test?
- rarely perfect and disavantage participants if used inappropriately
- needs strong reliability, validity and standardisation and scoring procedures
- not considerate of personal characteristics , experience in testing & motivation
- only meauring the cognitive abilities unlike gardner/sternberb psychometrc testing
- tend to be biassed cultrally & linguistically
- may be used to label people- stigmatisation
Ethical considerations/issues in intelligence testing
- incorectly used to label people
- intelligence was deemed to be genetic by some members of the scientific communit leading to discrimination on the basis of their genetic background
Why did Binet design the intelligence test?
Aim was to assist children in their education orignally
What did Binet conclude from his study on intelligence?
- They do not provide the whole picture about an individuals general mental ability
- Need to use IQ test in conjution with other means making decisions about a person’s intellectual ability
Whay was Lewis Terman’s theory on intelligence?
- Intelligence is tested is inherited
- It is possible to classify people according to their performance
What did Yerkes conclude from his study?
- White americans performed bad due to mixed white/black ancestry, people who are poor, of limited inteligence parents or both
- People from different countries could be classified according to their intelligence
- **e.g. Nordic countries are smarter than those of Latin and Slavic countries **
- Americans are ranked the lowest
What is the criticism of Yerke’s study on intelligence?
- Validity: many o the questions were based on general knowledge of the American middle-class white society: disadvantage to others.
- Reliability: Testing proceures were NOT standardised
- He overlooked the fact immigrants had a reduced chance of performing well because of the biases linguistically and cultrally in the army tests
What did Yerkes conclude from his studies on intelligence? i.e. the army test?
Different nationalities and races could be ranked according to intelligence this lead to a rise in racial bigotry towards black Americans
What did the US congress do in response to Yerkes studies on intelligence i.e. the army test?
Create the 1924 Immigration law that set down tough laws on the limit of immigrants from lesser European races such as Slavic and Latin people
What did Gould conclude from Yerkes study on intelligence?
It was a flawed research that it was not possible to draw any valid conclusions about the intelligence of *First World War army recruits, social classes, race or heritability of intelligence. *
Explain Yerkes army recruit study during first world war
Tested 1.75 million recruits using three intelligence test
- ARMY ALPHA: Written examination for literate recruits
- ALPHA BETA: examination for illiterate recruits who failed army alpha
- Individual exam for recruits who failed Alpha Beta
he classified recruits according to performance on test and analysed results from data.
How have psychologist tried to avoid creating intelligence test that are linguistically/ cultrally biased?
Psychologists have tried to overcome some of the problems associated with cultural and linguistic bias
tests by:
**developing tests that donot rely on culture or **
language.
