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Psychology > Chapter 15- Social Influences On The Individual > Flashcards

Chapter 15- Social Influences On The Individual Flashcards

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0
Q

The three types of social influence:

A

1) CONSTRUCTIVE
2) DESTRUCTIVE
3) NEUTRAL

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1
Q

What is Social Influence?

A
  • The Effect on the presence or actions of others, either really imagined on the way people think feel and behave
  • Term used to describe the way people influence us including institutions and groups
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2
Q

Constructive social influence is:

A

Helpful social influence

E.g helping friend with homework at school

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3
Q

What is destructive social influence?

A

Harmful social influence

E.g Hitting another person in public

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4
Q

What is Neutral social influence?

A

Social influence that has no effect

Eg. Putting the rubbish out

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5
Q

What is a group?

A

Any collection of two or more people who interact with and influence one another a d who share a common purpose
Eg. Two people playing chess with one another
Eg. The Australian socceroos

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6
Q

Set or rules that define a group:

A
  • contains two or more people
  • interaction occurs between two or more people Over a period of time
  • people mist influence one another
  • They must have a common purpose
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7
Q

Power in groups: when does a person have power?

A

If their is reasonable expectation that the second person will behave in the way you desire even AGAINST the second person’s desires
e.g motor mechanics who have a certain expertise hence power over their customers due to the skills knowledge they process

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8
Q

What are the types of power?

A
  • REWARD power ( ability to provide desired response) think teacher letting students leave early
  • COERCIVE power (ability to provide an unpleasant response) teacher can detain students
  • INFORMATION power (Having know,pledge others desire) secretary where files are kept
  • LEGITIMATE power (Authority given power due to role or position) police man can make an arrest
  • EXPERT power (skills and depth of knowledge) doc or mechanic
  • REFERENT power (influenced by peoples desire to relate to the person) good friend, councillor, Beyonce as a model for you girls
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9
Q

Styles of leadership- what are the three types?

A
  • DEMOCRATIC: negotiate-type leader
  • AUTHORITARIAN: making all decisions, controlling leader
  • LAISSEZ-FAIRE: passive leader
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10
Q

What does Blake and moutons grid suggest?

A 
People working in authoritarian style management were less happy and productive  compared to democratic management  
Five styles of leadership: 
1- country club 
2- team leadership 
3- middle of the road
4- impoverished
5- authoritarian
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11
Q

STATUS AND POWER is influenced by:

A
  • the role of the person

- Eg. Shooter in netball

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12
Q

What is a role?

A

The behaviour adopted by an individual or assigned to them that influences the way in which they function of act in different situations and life in general

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13
Q

What can influence your role?

A

Expectations of how to act in certain situations

Eg school captains

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14
Q

Roles are temporary and permanent: TRUE or FALSE

A

TRUE

Eg Ms P is not only your teacher

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15
Q

Role expectations occur when:

A

When other group members have expectations as to how that person should behave

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16
Q

What does role expectations influence?

A

An individuals behaviour within a group especially when this role provides POWER and STATUS
*Important because status, power and roles as shown in ZIMBARDO’s prison experiment can influence behaviour in social situations

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17
Q

What are factors influencing obedience (Milgram shocking people) three

A

1) Social proximity
2) Legitimacy to authority figures
3) Group pressure

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18
Q

3)Social proximity

A

The closeness of two people and relationship between them as well as physically
Closer ‘victim of shock’ i.e confed learner to the participant more likely to refuse giving shock disobedient

19
Q

2)Legitimacy of authority figures

A

Refers to the degree of legitimacy and power the authority figure is PERCEIVED to possess
Labcoat
No lab coat clad experimenter less obedience

20
Q

1)Group pressure

A

Refers to the amount of pressure and support perceived OR real from the group

When exposed Group refusing to give shocks obedience declines

21
Q

Factors influencing conformity (Asch line test) (8)

A 
Normative influence
Informational influence
Unanimity
Deindividuation 
Social loafing 
Culture
22
Q

Normative influence

A

1) Tendency to go along with the group so that they will fit in and gain the approval of other group members
E.g wearing same colour tights at school instead of socks

23
Q

Informational Influence

A

Need for direct information on how to respond to a specific situation
Tendency to conform when the participant wants to respond correctly but are not certain they cannot do so and believe others are more capable of making accurate judgements
Eg asking older sister what to wear at a party

24
Q

Group size

A

The number of people in a group increases the level of conformity

25
Q

Unanimity

A

Agreement of all people involved

E.g allie effect when confederate

26
Q

What is group pressure?

A

The direct and indirect social pressure that is exerted by a group on its individual members to influence their choices- applied to make them conform

27
Q

Deindividuation

A

The loss of anonymity and individuality that come from being in a situation where individuals cant be identified personally

28
Q

Social loafing

A

Tendency of an individual to reduce their effort when working in a group compared to working alone

29
Q

Culture

A
  • Individualistic culture e.g. Australia
    Values individuals goals and achievement over a group goal
  • Collectivist culture e.g. Asian
    Values group goals. Tendency for individuals goals to be less important
30
Q

What is Peer Pressure?

A

Influence from members of ones peer’s group

31
Q

What is a peer group?

A

Person’s friends/acquaintances of similar age has similar interest and social standing

32
Q

Three Types of influences peer pressure has on us

A

1) DIRECT
2) INDIRECT
3) INDIVIDUAL

33
Q

INDIRECT PRESSURE as an influence of peer pressure

A

Someone or more than one person TELLS YOU what you should be doing
E.g. Friend encourages you to smoke

34
Q

DIRECT PRESSURE as an influence of peer pressure

A

Having a particular way of acting when with a different group of friends
E.g. Playing video games with group of friends or study with a certain group of friends

35
Q

INDIVIDUAL pressure as an influence of peer pressure is:

A

Internal pressure that is a result of not being different from the group
E.e. Doing things to make sure you feel like the rest of the group

36
Q

Peer pressure contributes to behaviour in four main areas:

A

1) SOCIAL SITUATIONS e.g. Party, sport
2) GROUP NORMS fashion sense, music taste, language
3) RELATIONSHIPS partner or family
4) RISK TAKING BEHAVIOURS (another aspect influencing others)

37
Q

What is a norm?

A

Standards that is usual typical or standard in a certain group or general society

38
Q

Social norms

A

Social rules and obligations according to general society or specific social groups influencing our behaviour
E.g women wearing the hijab in the islamic religion

39
Q

Successful peer relationships is a result of:

A

Being sincere
Having status
Being responsible
Entertaining others

40
Q

What study investigated Risk taking behaviour as a link to personality

A

Studies of ARQ from adolescnets in AUS & GER

41
Q

ARQ (gullone, moore & boyd)

A

Adolescent Risk taking Questionnaire is a psychometric tool used to measure risk judgements and risk taking activities

42
Q

ARQ identifies four types of risk taking behaviour

A

1) THRILL SEEKING challenging but socially acceptable behaviour e.g. bungee jumping
2) REBELLIOUS experimental behaviour e.g. smoking as a teen/ clubbing
3) RECKLESS behaviour w/ negative social outcome e.g. DUI
4) ANTISOCIAL inappropriate behaviour legal consequences e.g. graffiti, bullying, cheating

43
Q

Personality types were more likely to engage in different types of risk-taking behaviour.

A
  • Younger adolescents rated the behaviours as more risky
    OLDER adolescents
    -Girls rated the behaviours as more risky and engaged in less rtb BOYS
  • Individuals low on conscientiousness
  • Individuals high on extroversion w/high levels of senesation seeking
    -People High on agreeableness
44
Q

Three conclusions from the ARQ

A

1) risk judgement = whether they would engage in that behaviour.
2) Risk judgments are better predictors of risk-taking behaviour than personality traits
3) Thrill seeking behaviour not predicted by risk judgement or personality trait

Psychology (9 decks)

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