Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology > Chapter 12: Attitude & Behaviour > Flashcards

Chapter 12: Attitude & Behaviour Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
0
Q

Four key points of Attitude:

A
  • Learned
  • Stable and enduring
  • Evaluations of people, objects, ideas
  • Influential for our behaviour
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

What is an Attitude?

A

Positive or negative evaluation of an attitude object (person, object, idea, event)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is an EXPLICIT attitude?

A

People openly state attitude and behave in a way that reflects it
Eg: Attitude= exercise good for health
Action= visits Gym often

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is an IMPLICIT attitude?

A
  • Involuntary and uncontrollable
  • Possible to be unaware of attitude until action reveals it

Eg. Attitude= Moths are harmless
Action= Screaming when seeing a moth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the three functions of attitudes?

A
  • Predisposing
  • Interpreting
  • Evaluating
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe function of attitude- PREDISPOSING

A

Help us behave in certain ways by avoiding what we don’t want and avoiding a reaction to it, hence save energy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe function of attitude- INTERPRETATION

A

A summary of an attitude object to avoid worry and confusion thus help to understand and process information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe function of attitude- EVALUATION

A
  • Help us stand up for what we believe in
  • Help reflect on values
  • Protect self esteem when we feel threatened/ uncomfortable
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is Attitude Salience?

A
  • STRENGTH
  • Stronger behaviour = quick behaviour
  • Eg. Spontaneous cheering of team when they score a goal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is Attitude specificity?

A
  • Highly specific attitude characterised by particular behaviours
  • Eg: Specifically prefer and buy one brand of shampoo regardless of price
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Information about the attitude is:

A
  • Attitudes confirmed by previous knowledge/ experiences thus reflected in our behaviour
  • Eg. Brand loyalty: familiar with brand of mobile phone and likely to purchase same brand in future
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Situation is:

A

Where specific circumstances we are in influence behaviour

Eg. Prefers organic food but low income will not allow expensive choice = purchasing processed food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the methods of attitude measurement?

A
  • Measured in global rather than specific way thus measurement is unlikely to predict specific behaviour
  • Eg. Interest in maths does not predict for specific aspect of maths
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Structure of attitudes- what is the tricomponent model?

A
  • Describes structure of an attitude

- A.B.C= Affective. Behavioural. Cognitive.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the Affective component?

A
  • Persons feelings/ emotional response to attitude object
  • Mostly learnt during course of daily life
  • Eg. Love dogs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the Behavioural component?

A
  • Person’s behaviour towards attitude object
  • It is what we say/how we act towards object
  • E.g get dog and spend time with it
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the cognitive component?

A
  • Person’s thoughts/ideas/understanding about attitude object
  • It is what we know/think we know about the attitude object
  • Eg. Dogs can be good guard dogs and companions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How is attitude formed?

A
  • Classical conditioning
  • Operant conditioning
  • Observational learning
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is Classical conditioning?

A

Attitudes Are learned/ conditioned through steps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A
  • Reinforcement (positive consequences) can create/ strengthen attitude
  • Punishment (negative consequences) can weaken/ attitude from forming
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is Observational learning (modelling)?

A
  • Children form attitudes by observing those expressed by important people (parents/ teachers) and as consequence express same attitude
  • Eg. Parent drinks alcohol so child likely to drink too
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is direct experience learning?

A
  • Direct encounter with an attitude object can influence formation of an attitude
  • Eg. Doctor stitching patient’s womb and causing lots of pain = negative attitude to doctors in future
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is mere exposure effect learning?

A
  • Repeated exposure to an attitude object resulting in negative or Positive attitude towards it
  • Number of time person exposed to attitude object will correlate with stronger/ weaker attitude towards it
  • Eg. Person continually swooped by magpie = greater intensity to dislike magpies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the sources of learning?

A
  • Parents
  • peer influence
  • mass media
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How parents are a source of learning?

A

They influence all kinds of learning: classical, operant, observational

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How is Peer influence a source of learning?

A
  • Attitude formation via actions of peer group/ others around us
  • Eg. Peers influence attitude towards music, dress style, social activities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How is mass media a source of learning?

A
  • Television has the potential to shape/ influence formation of everyone’s attitudes including children/adult consumers and public opinion
27
Q

What is self perception theory?

A

We infer our attitudes from our observation of our own behaviour

28
Q

What is attitude change?

A
  • Any significant modification of an individual’s attitude

- e.g advertisers/ politicians all spend time and money trying to change people’s attitudes

29
Q

What is Persuasive communication? (Yale approach)

A
  • It uses arguments aimed at changing people’s attitudes

- Using reasoning to convince person to change cognition, affect and behaviour

30
Q

What are the four focus areas of persuasive communication?

A
  1. The recipient of the message (audience) = music, bright colours to attract attention
  2. Source of the message (communicator) = celebrity to convey message
  3. Medium for communicating message (channel) = electronic, person, written
  4. Message (what) = two sided vs one side argument, repetition of message, emotion-arousing message
31
Q

What is the elaboration-likelihood method?

A
  • model attempts to explain whether people are more likely to be influenced by CONTENT of message or by SUPERFICIAL CHARACTERISTICS
32
Q

What are the two routes of elaboration-likelihood model?

A
  1. CENTRAL route to persuasion: involve careful consideration of message and its source
  2. PERIPHERAL route to persuasion: only paying attention to superficial characteristics of the message, such as who delivers it/ its music/ colour/ duration
33
Q

What is COGNITIVE DISSONANCE?

A
  • An unpleasant feeling of psychological tension that comes when we perceive that our attitudes are inconsistent with our behaviour.
  • Eg: always behave truthful and dislike dishonesty, but find yourself in situation where you have to tell white lie = you feel tense and stressed about your behaviour
34
Q

What is EFFORT JUSTIFICATION?

A

Reducing the tension felt from cognitive dissonance, you change your attitude and devise a justification for lying under the particular cirtumstances

35
Q

What are the three resistances to persuasion?

A
  • reactance
  • forewarning
  • inoculation effect
36
Q

What is REACTANCE?

A
  • person experiences unpleasant feeling when freedom of choice is threatened and tries to protect/regain that freedom
37
Q

What is FOREWARNING?

A
  • People have advanced warning that a message is intended to change their attitude.
  • more likely to analyse the information and prepare arguments against persuasive message
38
Q

What is INOCULATION EFFECT?

A

A technique where person is exposed to small doses of an argument that it contrary to particular attitude they hold, thus making it easier to refute argument when it is encountered again (cognition-based attitude)

39
Q

Situation is:

A

Where specific circumstances we are in influence behaviour

Eg. Prefers organic food but low income will not allow expensive choice = purchasing processed food

40
Q

What are the methods of attitude measurement?

A
  • Measured in global rather than specific way thus measurement is unlikely to predict specific behaviour
  • Eg. Interest in maths does not predict for specific aspect of maths
41
Q

Structure of attitudes- what is the tricomponent model?

A
  • Describes structure of an attitude

- A.B.C= Affective. Behavioural. Cognitive.

42
Q

What is the Affective component?

A
  • Persons feelings/ emotional response to attitude object
  • Mostly learnt during course of daily life
  • Eg. Love dogs
43
Q

What is the Behavioural component?

A
  • Person’s behaviour towards attitude object
  • It is what we say/how we act towards object
  • E.g get dog and spend time with it
44
Q

What is the cognitive component?

A
  • Person’s thoughts/ideas/understanding about attitude object
  • It is what we know/thunk we know about the attitude object
  • Eg. Dogs can be good guard dogs and companions
45
Q

How is attitude formed?

A
  • Classical conditioning
  • Operant conditioning
  • Observational learning
46
Q

What is Classical conditioning?

A

Attitudes Are learned/ conditioned through steps

47
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A
  • Reinforcement (positive consequences) can create/ strengthen attitude
  • Punishment (negative consequences) can weaken/ attitude from forming
48
Q

What is Observational learning (modelling)?

A
  • Children form attitudes by observing those expressed by important people (parents/ teachers) and as consequence express same attitude
  • Eg. Parent drinks alcohol so child likely to drink too
49
Q

What is direct experience learning?

A
  • Direct encounter with an attitude object can influence formation of an attitude
  • Eg. Doctor stitching patient’s womb and causing lots of pain = negative attitude to doctors in future
50
Q

What is mere exposure effect learning?

A
  • Repeated exposure to an attitude object resulting in negative! Positive attitude towards it
  • Number of time person exposed to attitude object will correlate with stronger/ weaker attitude towards it
  • Eg. Person continually swooped by magpie = greater intensity to dislike magpies
51
Q

What are the sources of learning?

A
  • Parents
  • peer influence
  • mass media
52
Q

How parents are a source of learning?

A

They influence all kinds of learning: classical, operant, observational

53
Q

How is Peer influence a source of learning?

A
  • Attitude formation via actions of peer group/ others around us
  • Eg. Peers influence attitude towards music, dress style, social activities
54
Q

How is mass media a source of learning?

A
  • Television has the potential to shape/ influence formation of everyone’s attitudes including children/adult consumers and public opinion
55
Q

What is self perception theory?

A

We infer our attitudes from our observation of our own behaviour

56
Q

What is attitude change?

A
  • Any significant modification of an individual’s attitude

- e.g advertisers/ politicians all spend time and money trying to change people’s attitudes

57
Q

What is Persuasive communication? (Yale approach)

A
  • It uses arguments aimed at changing people’s attitudes

- Using reasoning to convince person to change cognition, affect and behaviour

58
Q

What are the four focus areas of persuasive communication?

A
  1. The recipient of the message (audience) = music, bright colours to attract attention
  2. Source of the message (communicator) = celebrity to convey message
  3. Medium for communicating message (channel) = electronic, person, written
  4. Message (what) = two sided vs one side argument, repetition of message, emotion-arousing message
59
Q

What is the elaboration-likelihood method?

A
  • model attempts to explain whether people are more likely to be influenced by CONTENT of message or by SUPERFICIAL CHARACTERISTICS
60
Q

What are the two routes of elaboration-likelihood model?

A
  1. CENTRAL route to persuasion: involve careful consideration of message and its source
  2. PERIPHERAL route to persuasion: only paying attention to superficial characteristics of the message, such as who delivers it/ its music/ colour/ duration
61
Q

What is COGNITIVE DISSONANCE?

A
  • An unpleasant feeling of psychological tension that comes when we perceive that our attitudes are inconsistent with our behaviour.
  • Eg: always behave truthful and dislike dishonesty, but find yourself in situation where you have to tell white lie = you feel tense and stressed about your behaviour
62
Q

What is EFFORT JUSTIFICATION?

A

Reducing the tension felt from cognitive dissonance, you change your attitude and devise a justification for lying under the particular cirtumstances

63
Q

What are the three resistances to persuasion?

A
  • reactance
  • forewarning
  • inoculation effect
64
Q

What is REACTANCE?

A
  • person experiences unpleasant feeling when freedom of choice is threatened and tries to protect/regain that freedom
65
Q

What is FOREWARNING?

A
  • People have advanced warning that a message is intended to change their attitude.
  • more likely to analyse the information and prepare arguments against persuasive message
66
Q

What is INOCULATION EFFECT?

A

A technique where person is exposed to small doses of an argument that it contrary to particular attitude they hold, thus making it easier to refute argument when it is encountered again (cognition-based attitude)

Psychology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions