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Microbio Final Exam > Chapter 18: Immune Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 18: Immune Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Immunological disorder:

A

is a condition that results from an inappropriate or inadequate immune response

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2
Q

Hypersensitivity

A

“Allergy”, the immune system reacts in an exaggerated or inappropriate way to a foreign substance that is harmless

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3
Q

Are allergies due to immunological responses?

A

No

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4
Q

What determines the type of hypersensitivity?

A

The component of immune response that is involved and how quickly the reaction develops

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5
Q

Immediate hypersensitivity

A

Type 1, Anaphylaxis resulting from a prior exposure to a foreign substance called an allergen

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6
Q

Allergen

A

an antigen that evokes a hypersensitivity response

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7
Q

Cytotoxic hypersensitivity

A

Type 2, elicited by antigens on cells, especially RBCs that the immune sees as foreign (occurs when patient receives wrong blood type)

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8
Q

Immune complete hypersensitivity

A

Type 3, elicited by antigens in vaccines in microorganisms or on a persona own cell, large antibody-antigen complexes formed, can cause damage within hours

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9
Q

Cell mediated or delayed hypersensitivity

A

Type 4, triggered by exposure to foreign substances from the environment [poison ivy], transplanted tissue, can cause extensive tissue damage

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10
Q

Autoimmune disorders

A

(1) Represent a form of hypersensitivity in which the body’s immune system responds to its own tissues as if it were foreign (2) Antibodies or T cells attack self-antigens

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11
Q

Immunodeficiency

A

The immune system responds in adequately to an antigen due to inborn or acquired defects

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12
Q

Primary immunodeficiency

A

Genetic or developmental defects in which the person lacks T cells or B cells or has defective ones

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13
Q

Secondary immunodeficiency

A

Results from damage of T cells or B cells after they have developed normally (Leukemia, Burkitts lymphoma), Happens after birth

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14
Q

Type 2 Hypersensitivity

A

(1) Blood trasnfusions (2) Specific antibodies react with cell surface antigens interpreted as foreign by the immune system (3) Leading to phagocytosis, killer cell activity or complement mediated cell lysis

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15
Q

Hemolytic Disease of the newborn

A

Erythroblastosis fetalis, If antibodies are made against baby who is Rh +, complement is activated and RBC’s are destroyed leading to this hemolytic disease

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16
Q

Type 3 Hypersensitivity

A

(1) When humans get antibodies from another source that is not human and it is seen as foreign and we make antibodies to those antibodies (2) Results in too many immune antigen-antibody complexes formed in our body which is not good and it disrupts tissue and can even cause blot clots leading to necrotic tissue

17
Q

Mechanisms of immune complex disorders

A

(1) Initiated after sensitization (2) Specific IgG antibodies combine with antigen in blood to form immune complex to activate complement (3) Occurs when phagocytes fail to bind to the complexes and the complexes then travel to the blood to the rest of the body

18
Q

Hydrolytic enzymes

A

Tissue damaging enzyme caused by phagocytes attracted to histamine released areas

19
Q

Serum sickness: Immune complex disorder

A

(1) Large doses of antitoxin sera used to immunize people passively (2) People with serum sickness usually have fever, enlarged lymph nodes, decreased numbers of circulating leukocytes and swelling at injection site

20
Q

Arthus reaction: Immune complex disorder

A

(1) A local reaction seen in the skin after subcutaneous or intra-dermal injection of an antigenic substance (2) Occurs in those who already have large amounts of antibodies (IgG) (3) Leads to edema, swelling, blood clots, cell death (4) “Pigeon fanciers lung”

21
Q

Type 4 hypersensitivity

A

(1) Delayed hypersensitivity, takes more than 12 hrs to develop (2) APC presents antigen fragments and sensitizes TH1 cell (3) TH1 helps macrophages by secreting cytokines which encourage macrophage to work harder and speed up reaction to rid pathogen (4) More macrophages come to the site (5) TB skin test is a type 4

22
Q

Which hypersensitivity types involve antibodies? and which one doesn’t contain antibodies (what does mediator does it use instead?)

A

Type 1,2,3 use antibodies, Type 4 uses T cells and cell mediated TH1

23
Q

Main mediator and helping mediators in type 1 hypersensitivity

A

Main: IgE
Other: Mast cells, basophils, histamine, prostaglandins, leukotrienes

24
Q

Main mediator and helping mediators in type 2 hypersensitivity

A

Main: IgG and IgM
Other: complement

25
Q

Main mediator and helping mediators in type 3 hypersensitivity

A

Main: IgG, IgM
Other: Complement, inflammatory factors, eosinophils, neutrophils

26
Q

Main mediator and helping mediators in type 4 hypersensitivity

A

Main: T cells (mainly TH or TDH)
Other: Lymphokines and macrophages

27
Q

Sensitized Th cells release what?

A

Cytokine, Y interferon and migrating inhibiting factor

28
Q

How do cells become antigenic?

A

The become antigenic because they bind to normal proteins on Langerhan cells of the epidermis which show to be antigen presenting cells due to their MHCII and then noticeable reactions occur

29
Q

Gamma interferons stimulate what?

A

Macrophages

30
Q

Migrating Inhibiting Factor (MIF) prevents what?

A

Migration of macrophages so they remain localized (leads to eczema, swelling and granulomatous lesions)

31
Q

Contact dermatitis: cell mediated disorder

A

occurs in sensitized individuals on subsequent or second exposure to allergens such as oil from poison ivy, rubber, metals, dyes, soaps, cosmetics

32
Q

Tuberculin Hypersensitivity: cell mediated disorder

A

Occurs in sensitized individuals when they are exposed to tuberculin (an antigen lipoprotein from the tubercle bacillus), can cause leprosy and leishmaniasis, [Antigen activates Th cells which then release cytokines causing large numbers of lymphocytes, monocytes and macrophages to infiltrate the dermis]

33
Q

Granulomatous hypersensitivity: cell mediated disorder

A

(1) Most serious cell mediated hypersensitivities (2) occurs when macrophages have engulfed pathogens but failed to kill them, (3) pathogen survives in macrophage (4) most delayed (5) chronic and persistent (6) common with helminths and fungal

34
Q

Induration

A

Associated with Tuberculin hypersensitivity, it is soft tissue on skin that is raised and red

35
Q

Tuberculin skin test

A

A purified protein derivative from mycobacterium TB injected subcutaneously (induration will form in 48 hrs f person is positive)

Microbio Final Exam (11 decks)

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