Chapter 16: Inflammation

Question 1

What is inflammation?

Answer 1

Bodys defensive response to tissue damage from microbial infection. It is also a response to mechanical injury, heat, electricity, UV lights, Chemicals and allergies

Question 2

Cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation

Answer 2

(1) Calor: increase in temp
(2) Rubor: Redness
(3) Tumor: Swelling
(4) Dolor: Pain at the infected or injured site

Question 3

Acute inflammation

Answer 3

(1) Battle between host and antigen where host ultimately wins (2) Kill invading microbes, Clear away tissue debris, Repair injured tissue

Question 4

Histamine

Answer 4

Chemical substance released from basophils and mast cells

Question 5

Where do histamines diffuse?

Answer 5

Capillaries and venules which lead to vasodilation

Question 6

What is an edema due to histamine release?

Answer 6

When blood accumulates to infected site and causes swelling

Question 7

What re blood clotting factors?

Answer 7

Fibrin

Question 8

What is the purpose of blood clotting?

Answer 8

Reduces fluid movement around damaged cells and walls off the injured area from the rest of the body

Question 9

What is pain due to?

Answer 9

(1) Released from Mast cells (2) Pain is associated with tissue injury and the release of bradykinin which is a small peptide causing blood vessels to dilate (3) Mediates inflammation (4) Prostaglandins intensify bradykinin

Question 10

Inflamed tissue stimulates leukocytes, what are Leukocytes?

Answer 10

(1) An increased number of leukocytes in the blood (2) They work because damaged cells release cytokines that trigger production and infiltration of leukocytes

Question 11

How do neutrophils pass out of the blood?

Answer 11

Through squeezing between endothelial cells lining the vessel walls

Question 12

Diapedesis

Answer 12

Process that allows for neutrophils to congregate in the tissue fluid at the injured region

Question 13

Histamines attract which cells to the injury site?

Answer 13

(1) Leukocytes (2) Bradykinin (3) Neutrophils (4) Macrophages which release cytokines and chemokines sometimes

Question 14

Antihistamine

Answer 14

Alleviates symptoms caused by histamines by blocking the released histamine from reaching its receptor on target organs

Question 15

When microbes produce more leukocidins to destroy phagocytes what is produced?

Answer 15

Pus

Question 16

Can viruses produce pus?

Answer 16

No

Question 17

Abscess

Answer 17

An accumulation of pus in a hallowed out cavity due to tissue damage (boils and pimples)

Question 18

Repair and Regeneration

Answer 18

(1) Capillaries grow into blood clots and fibroblasts (2) Connective tissue cells replace the destroyed tissue

Question 19

Granulation tissue

Answer 19

Fragile, red tissue at the injury site consisting of capillaries and fibroblasts

Question 20

What happens after granulation tissue is formed?

Answer 20

Fibroblasts and fibers replace nerve and muscle tissue that cannot be regenerates and new epidermis goes on top

Question 21

Chronic inflammation

Answer 21

Inflammation of the host where neither the antigen or the host can win the battle

Question 22

Granulomatous inflammation

Answer 22

Results in granulomas which are pockets of tissue that surround and walls off the inflammatory agent to suppress chronic inflammation

Question 23

Granuloma

Answer 23

Epithelial cells and macrophages

Question 24

What do pyrogens cause?

Answer 24

Fever

Question 25

Inflammatory response: (Steps 1-4)

Answer 25

(1) Cut allows bacteria to enter body (2) Damaged cells release histamine and bradykinin (3) Capillaries dilate to bring in more blood to the tissue, skin heats up and turns red (4) Capillaries dilate and edema occurs

Question 26

Inflammatory response (Steps 5-9 after edema forms)

Answer 26

(5) Blood clot and scab forms (6) Bacteria multiply in cut (7) phagocytes enter tissue by moving through blood vessels “diapedesis” (8) Phagocytic cells are attracted to bacteria and tissue debris “chemotaxis” and engulf the antigens (9) Larger blood vessels dilate increasing blood supply to tissue adding heat and redness

Question 27

Inflammatory response (10-11 repair process)

Answer 27

(10) Dead cells removed and epithelial cells proliferate and begin to grow under scab (11) Scar tissue “connective tissue” replaces cells that cannot replace themselves