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Microbio Final Exam > Chapter 15: Epidemiology > Flashcards

Chapter 15: Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

Epidemiology

A

Study factors involved in the spread of disease, looks at relationships among the host, microbe and environment

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2
Q

Etiology

A

the cause of disease

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3
Q

Epidemiologists

A

Have a dangerous job because they need to figure out where organisms are found (they sometimes have to go to dangerous places, such as war zones)

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4
Q

Incidence

A

The first time there is an infection notices, reported on weekly basis, strictly the number of NEW cases within a set population

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5
Q

Prevalence

A

How many people are infected with organism within a population at a given time, it is the TOTAL number of people

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6
Q

Morbidity rate

A

The number of individuals affected by disease

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7
Q

Mortality rate

A

The number of deaths due to disease

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8
Q

Endemic

A

Disease agent always present (CE)

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9
Q

Epidemic

A

Higher incidence number than normal that is spreading through a community (WEE)

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10
Q

Pandemic

A

Worldwide epidemic, spreading through the world rather than community

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11
Q

Sporadic Disease

A

Occurs in random and unpredictable manner involving several isolated cases that pose no great threat to the population as a whole (EEE)

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12
Q

Sources of infection: common source outbreak

A

Food poisoning, similar group of people that have something in common and they all get sick

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13
Q

Sources of infection: propagated epidemic

A

Common cold, spreads continuously, direct person to person contact “horizontal transmission”

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14
Q

Descriptive study

A

Epidemiology studies concerned with physical aspects of existing disease and disease spread

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15
Q

Index case

A

The first case of the disease to be identified

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16
Q

Analytical study

A

Cause and effect relationship with epidemiology study, can be retrospective or prospective

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17
Q

Retrospective study

A

takes into consideration things that happened before that happened before the incident

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18
Q

Prospective

A

considers factors that occur as an epidemic spreads, Ex: what children got sick, what age, their gender and living conditions

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19
Q

Experimental

A

Checking to see if certain experiments work or not against different diseases, trying to prove something

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20
Q

Placebo used in Experimental study

A

Non-medical substance that has no effect on the recipient but the recipient believes in the treatment

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21
Q

Reservoirs

A

Sites in which organisms can persist and maintain their ability to infect are essential for human infections to occur

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22
Q

Carriers:

A

carriers of infection with no apparent infection symptoms

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23
Q

Subclinical or inapparent infections

A

Has signs that are too milk to be recognized by special tests

24
Q

Animal carriers

A

Zoonoses, hard to eliminate this reservoir because how do you get rid of it in an animal

25
Q

Non living reservoirs

A

Soil, Water, Food

26
Q

Communicable disease

A

If they can be transmitted during the incubation period and during recovery of the disease

27
Q

Chronic carrier

A

Is a reservoir of infection for a long time after he or she has recovered from a disease

28
Q

Intermittent carriers

A

periodically release infectious organisms

29
Q

Vertical transmission

A

pathogens are passed from parent to offspring in egg across placenta

30
Q

Portals of entry

A

Disease organisms can enter us through any openings in the body

31
Q

Portals of exit

A

Diseases exit our body through any bodily fluids (including mothers milk, skin cells, fecal material)

32
Q

Direct contact

A

Person comes in contact with the human carrying disease (Ex: herpes, rabies, Staph, warts, syphilis)

33
Q

Indirect contact

A

Occurs through fomites (Ex: tetanus; nail is just a tool that breaks skin so that organisms in the soil can enter body) (Common cold, enterovirus, ringworm)

34
Q

Contact through Droplets

A

Common cold, influenza, measles, Q fever

35
Q

Droplet nuclei

A

Consists of dries mucus which protects microorganisms embedded in it

36
Q

Vector

A

(1) there is something like an insect that is the source of infectious agent, transmits disease to human (2) Mechanical or Biological

37
Q

Mechanical vector

A

An insect picks up disease microorganism on its body, flies on to something such as a sandwich and then the microorganisms spread to your sandwich and you get sick

38
Q

Biological vector

A

An insect is harboring the microorganism inside its body throughout the organisms life cycle and transmits it into hosts through bites or injections

39
Q

Vehicle

A

(1) Non living entity that is the source of infection (2) Can be airborne [dust particles, chicken pox, TB, influenza, measles], food borne , waterborne [cholera, shigellosis, leptospirosis, campylobacter infections]

40
Q

Aerosol

A

a cloud of tiny water droplets of fine solid particles suspended in the air

41
Q

Her immunity

A

Vaccinate 90-95% of population then that remaining 5-10% unvaccinated gets protected by luck

42
Q

Diphtheria problem with vaccines talked about in class

A

Cases are increasing because many people got vaccinates before and since no one was getting sick, they stopped vaccinating and then the disease reoccured (the disease is always present but vaccine helps prevent it from outbreaking]

43
Q

Isolation

A

Take sick person with communicable disease and isolate them

44
Q

Quarantine

A

Healthy person supposedly infected is isolated to prevent possible spread of disease

45
Q

Immunization

A

Get vaccine

46
Q

Vector control

A

Monitoring insects, treating the habitats in which rodents and insect live in, with insecticides to prevent infection

47
Q

CDC

A

Caries out epidemiological studies published in MMWR which provides readers with disease statistics, gives advice on how to stay healthy and avoid infection and/or disease

48
Q

WHO

A

international agency that coordinates and sets up programs to improve health, gives tips on how to stay healthy and not get infections/diseases

49
Q

Cyclic Diseases

A

Unpredictable

50
Q

Ways to Prevent Death

A

Childhood vaccinations, Bed nets, DOTS [directly observed treatment], IMCI [Integrated management of childhood illness], Antibodies, HIV prevention strategies

51
Q

Nosocomial infections

A

Caused by candida albicans, Staph, E.coli, Strep, Pseudomonas

52
Q

Endogenous infection

A

Cause by own flora (opportunists) when organism leaves one part of your body and goes into another

53
Q

Exogenous infection

A

All tools used in hospital that should be sterilized between patients can spread infectious organisms

54
Q

Universal precautions

A

(1) Wear gloves, gowns, masks (2) Discard contaminated needles (3) Clean up bodily fluids properly

55
Q

Bioterrorism

A

Weaponizing bombs to hold deadly organisms to kill/infect a large population

Microbio Final Exam (11 decks)

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