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Microbio Final Exam > Chapter 16: Innate host defense > Flashcards

Chapter 16: Innate host defense Flashcards

1
Q

Infectious agents that invade and damage the body and the body’s power to resist such invasions

A

Infectious Disease

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2
Q

(1) Defense of the immune system that requires specific interactions and does not require previous exposure to the antigen to be active (2) Involves physical barriers, chemical and phagocytic cells (3) Also known as Nonspecific defenses (4) Naturally

A

Innate defense

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3
Q

(1) Defense that responds to a particular agent called antigens (2) Involves antibody producing cells and T cells which get help from phagocytes and responds specifically to a pathogen (3) Also known as adaptive

A

Acquired Immunity

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4
Q

Where is the location of antigens?

A

Antigens are molecules in or on Viruses and Pathogenic Bacteria

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5
Q

Antibodies

A

They are made specifically for certain antigens

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6
Q

Innate defense: genetic

A

Exists because of genetically determined characteristics

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7
Q

Innate defense: species

A

Exists in all members of a species, like all humans or all birds

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8
Q

Innate defense: Physical barriers

A

Skin, Mucous membrane, chemicals secreted by mucous membrane

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9
Q

Innate defense: Chemical barriers

A

Antimicrobial substances in the body, Saliva, Mucus, Gastric Juices, Iron limitation mechanisms

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10
Q

This defense acts to destroy pathogen or inactivate the toxic products that have gained entry or to prevent the pathogen from damaging additional tissue

A

Innate defense

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11
Q

Consists of certain cells that engulf invading microorganisms

A

Cellular defenses

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12
Q

Phagocytize

A

Engulf cells

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13
Q

The reddening, swelling and temperature increases in tissue at site of infection

A

Inflammation

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14
Q

The elevation of body temp to kill invading agents and/or inactivate their toxic products

A

Fever

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15
Q

Examples are interferons and complement, this defense destroys or impedes invading microbes

A

Molecular defenses

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16
Q

Over activity of innate responses

A

Leads to autoimmune problems such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis

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17
Q

Under activity of Innate responses

A

Will leave the host susceptible to overwhelming infections leading to death (sepsis)

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18
Q

Physical barriers of innate response

A

(1) Skin is the forefront (2) Mucosa covers tissues and the organs of the body cavity that are exposed to the exterior (3) Throwing up, Tears, Sneezing, Coughing, Diarrhea (4) Urinary flow removes microbes from the UT

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19
Q

Chemical barriers if innate response

A

(1) Sweat gland of the skin have high salt (2) Sebaceous glands have acidic pH (3) Acidic pH in stomach (4) Interferons

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20
Q

Interferons

A

(1) Prevent other cells from being infected, its a signaling method through chemicals

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21
Q

Lysozyme: Location and Purpose

A

(1) Location: tears, saliva, mucus (2)Cleaves covalent linkage between sugars in PG layer, so gram + susceptible

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22
Q

Transferrin: Location and Purpose

A

(1) A protein present in the blood plasma, bind iron (2) Binding iron by transferrin leads to inhibition of bacterial growth in blood stream

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23
Q

Lactoferrin: Location and Purpose

A

(1) Present in saliva, mucus and milk (2) Binds to iron inhibiting bacterial growth

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24
Q

Defensins: location and Purpose

A

(1) Present in mucus and extracellular fluids (2) hey are a group of molecules that kill pathogens by forming spores in their membrane to inhibit growth (3) Small peptides

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25
Cellular defenses: examples
(1) We survive minor breaks and scrapes in our skin (2) Blood flowing out of wound is a mechanism to flush the microbe out (3) blood clotting helps seal off the injured spot temporarily until permanent repair can be done
26
These cells use special purpose cells found in the blood and other tissues of the body
Defensive cells
27
Erythrocytes, Platelets, Leukocytes are derived from this cell
Pluripotent stem cells
28
Pluripotent stem cells
Cells that form a continuous supply of blood cells in the bone marrow
29
Platelets
(1) Short lived fragments of large cells, such as megkaryocytes (2) Involved in blood clotting
30
Leukocytes
Defensive cells important to adaptive and innate host defenses
31
2 groups of Leukocytes
Granulocytes and Aggranulocytes
32
Cells produced from Myeloid Stem Cells (bone marrow)
(1) Myeloblasts (2) Basophils, Eosinophils, Nautrophils, Dendritic cells
33
Cells produced from Lymphoid stem cells (bone marrow)
(1) Lymphoblast [mature in thymus at this point] (2) B lymphocyte, T lymphocyte, NK cell
34
Cells produced from Monoblasts
(1) Monoblasts derive from myeloid cells (2) Monoblasts become Monocytes
35
Granulocytes WBCs: Types of Cells
Basophils, Eosinophils, Neutrophils, Dendritic cells
36
Aggranulocytes WBCs: Types of Cells
monocytes, B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, NK cells
37
Erythrocyte chain of maturation
(1) First pluripotent stem cell, (2) Then Erythroblast (3) Then Reticulocyte (4) Lastly Erythrocyte
38
Basophil: Function
(1) Dilates blood vessels (2) Releases histamine
39
Eosinophils: Function
(1) Targets worms (2) Present in large numbers during allergic reactions (3) Release Major Basic Protein (4) Turn off allergic response (5) Turns off inflammatory reactions
40
Neutrophils: Function
(1) First ones at site of infection and phagocytic (short life cycle) (2) "Polymorphonucleau leukocytes" PMNLs (3) Guard blood, skin and mucous membranes (4) Inactivate bacteria (5) Released continuously
41
Dendritic cells: Function
(1) Phagocytic (2) Lymph nodes (3) Involved in initiating the adaptive defense response
42
Macrophages: Function
(1) Phagocytic and can be wandering or fixed (2) Work/Help with B and T cells to tell them what to do (3) Work with innate and adaptive (4) Use oxygen to form H2O2, nitric oxide, superoxide ions and hypochlorite ions to damage membrane of pathogens
43
NK cells: Function
(1) Find antigens on their own without assistance (2) Increased activity once it is exposed to interferons and cytokines (3) Possibly recognize certain glycoproteins on cell surface (4) Secretes cytotoxic proteins triggering death of antigen (5) First line of defense against viruses
44
Granulocytes
(1) Have granular cytoplasm (2) Irregularly shaped (3) Lobed nucleus (4) Mainly in Innate immunity
45
Myeloperoxidases
creates cytotoxic substances that can kill bacteria and other engulfed pathogens
46
Pus
Dead neutrophils
47
Aggranulocytes
(1) Non- granular cytoplasm and have profound/round nucleus (2) Mainly in Acquired immunity
48
Monocytes
(1) In tissue (2) Develop into macrophages (3) Phagocytic (4) Derived from myeloid cells
49
Lymphocytes
(1) Derived from lymphoid cells (2) Contribute to adaptive host immunity (3) Antibody production (4) Circulate in blood and found in large numbers in lymph node, spleen, thymus, tonsils (5) Long life
50
Location of lymphocytes
Lymph nodes, Spleen, Thymus, Tonsils
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Phagocytes
(1) Digest and generally destroy invading microbes and foreign particles by a process called phagocytosis (2) Combination of phagocytosis and immune reactions
52
4 step process of neutrophils and macrophages in infection
(1) Find (2) Adhere (3) Ingest (4) Digest microorganism in phagolysosome
53
Lymphatic system
(1) Where innate and adaptive defensive mechanisms take place (2) Closely associated with cardiovascular system
54
Lymphatic capillaries
(1) Drains excess fluid in the body, larger than normal blood vessels in diameter, contains lymph fluid
55
Lymph fluid components
(1) Plasma protein and excess proteins leaked from blood (2) Moves from lymph nodes to venous blood through lymph ducts
56
Joins Lymphatic capillaries
Lymphatic vessels
57
B lymphocytes
Differentiate in the bone marrow and migrate to the lymph nodes and spleen
58
T lymphocytes
Immature t cells from bone marrow go to thymus to mature and then migrate to lymph nodes of spleen
59
Lymph Nodes: Function
(1) Where new response takes place (2) Mainly filter out foreign material in the lymph and foreign material become trapped and destroyed by defensive cells present
60
"Capsule" on Lymph Nodes
Network of connective tissue fibers that cover a small group of lymph nodes
61
Outer cortex of lymph nodes contains which types of cell
B cells, Follicular dendritic cells and macrophages
62
Inner cortex of lymph nodes contain which types of cell
T cells, Dendritic cells,
63
Medulla of lymph nodes contain which types of cells
B lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells
64
Swelling of Lymph nodes is due to...
Bringing in bacteria into lymph nodes and then their multiplication within
65
Blood vessel dilation: function
(1) Makes vessels more permeable (2) More blood can flow within because larger diameter
66
Exogenous pyrogen
(1) Microbial origin (2) What makes macrophages react (3) Fever producing (4) Makes adrogenous pyrogen
67
Endogenous pyrogens
Produced by phagocytic leukocytes in response to stimulation by exogenous pyrogens and released into the circulation
68
Chemotaxis
Movement of a motile cell or organism, in a direction towards chemical stimulus
69
Toll Like receptors
(1) Receptors on phagocytic cells that recognize the invading microorganisms (2) Recognize molecular patterns that are not on normal host cells like PG layer, Lipopolysaccharide
70
Macrophages and Dendritic Cells: Efficiency
Ability to distinguish between gram + and gram - organisms
71
Cytokines
(1) Released chemicals from infectious agents or damaged cells (2) Diverse and soluble proteins that have specific roles (3) Mediate and Regulate Immunity (4) Stem from Leukocytes
72
Chemokines
Class of cytokines that attract additional phagocytes to site of infection
73
How do pathogens escape phagocytes and chemotaxis
Microbes can fail to release chemical attractants that bring phagocytes to the infection site
74
Adherence and Ingestion: Time of action
(1) Follows chemotaxis and the arrival of phagocytes at the infection site
75
Adherence: Function
When infectious agents become attached to the plasma membranes of phagocytic cells
76
Adherence: definition
The ability of a phagocyte cell membrane to bind to specific molecules on the surface of a microbe
77
Means by which bacteria avoid phagocytosis
(1) Forming anti-phagocytic capsule making adherence difficult (2) M protein: present on bacterium making adherence difficult
78
Means by which phagocytes attack resistant bacteria
(1) Pseudopodia: fingerlike projections that the cell membrane of phagocyte form to surround and enclose microbe and into vacuoles called phagosomes (2) Coating microbes with antibodies or with proteins
79
Phagosome
Vacuoles in which microbes are enclosed in once captured through pseudopodia
80
Digestion
Intracellular killing
81
Lysosome
Found in the phagocytes cytoplasm and destroys ingested microbes
82
Phagolysosome
(1) Fusion of defensins and phagosome membrane (2) digestive enzymes and defensins then eat holes into cell membranes of cells they come in contact with and inject lysosomal enzymes (3) Phagocyte then uses little pieces of microbe as fuel
83
Residual body
Remaining parts of microbe that cant be digested and are left in the phagolysosome and later brought to plasma membrane to be excreted
84
Mechanisms that prevent microbes from being destroyed by phagolysosomes
(1) Forming a capsule to prevent detection (2) In mycobacterium each engulfed organism resides in a Parasitophosophorous vacuole [Macrophages have acid fast wall (mix of Wax D and mycolic acids) so don't interact with lysosome] (3) Some microbes can travel within a phagocyte like a macrophage for a long time and multiply when its safe (4) Some microbes release toxins that kill phagocytes by causing the release of phagocytes own lysosomal enzymes into its cytoplasm
85
Leukocidins
Released by bacteria like staphylococci that kills phagocytes
86
Streptolysin
Released by streptococci to kill phagocytes
87
Extracellular Killing
(1) When microbes, like viruses and parasites are destroyed without being ingested by a defensive cell (2) Products secreted by defensive cells destroy microbe
88
Which cell is involved extracellular killing? And what does it secrete?
Eosinophils which are semi phagocytic and secrete Major Basic Protein (MBP) which can damage or perforate a worms body and break it up so a macrophage can then engulf
89
Why do viruses need to be destroyed extracellularly?
Because Viruses are only active within a host cell so to avoid damage, you need to attack the virus before it adheres to a cell
90
Processes in killing a cell with cytotoxic T cells
(1) Rely on cell mediates (2) T cytotoxic can identify antigen on the surface and release perforin (3) Antigen fragments need to be present on MHC1 because ALL nucleated cells have MHC1 so it makes it better for communication (4) Macrophages present the antigen to T cells (5) Antigen is then presented to T cytotoxic cell which releases destructive enzymes to kill abnormal cells
91
Process of killing a cell with Helper T cells
(1) Macrophage with antigens present on MHC2 (2) T cell comes along and binds to MHC2 which activates T cell to T helper cell (3) IL-2 leads to cell division of either TH1 or TH2 or memory T(4) TH2 cells activate B cells leading to humoral immunity against foreign antigen (5) TH1 cells bind with macrophage on MHC2 leading to cell mediated immunity against intracellular bacteria

Microbio Final Exam (11 decks)

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