Chapter 18: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance; Key Terms Flashcards
Acidosis
The lower negative value of the acid-base scale
Active Transport
Movement of materials across the cell membrane by means of chemical activity that allows the cell to admit larger molecules than would otherwise be possible
ADH
Antidiuretic hormone- hormone that decreases the production of urine by increasing the re-absorption of water by the renal tubules.
Secreted by cells of the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior lobe of pituitary gland
Aldosterone
Mineralocorticoid steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex with action in the renal tubule to regulate sodium and potassium balance in the blood
Allogeneic Transfusion
Infusion of a donor’s blood into a patient
Alkalosis
A higher positive value on the acid-base scale
Angiotensin
Polypeptide occurring in the blood, causing vasoconstriction, increased blood pressure, and the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex
Anion Gap
Difference between the concentrations of serum cations and anions, determined by measuring the concentrations of sodium cations and chloride and bicarbonate anions
Anion
Negatively charged electrolyte
Arterial Blood Gas (ABG)
Analysis that is an effective method of evaluating acid-base balance and oxygenation. Involves 6 components -pH -PaCO2 -PaO2 -SaO2 base excess -HCO-3
Autologous Transfusion
Procedure in which blood is removed from a donor and stored for a variable period before it is returned to the donor’s own circulation
Buffers
Substance or group of substances that can absorb or release hydrogen ions to correct an acid-base imbalance
Cations
Positively charged electrolytes
Clinical Dehydration
Hypernatremia and ECV deficit
Colloid Osmotic Pressure
Inward-pulling force caused by the presence of protein molecules
Colloid
Blood product
Concentration
Relative content of a component within a substance or solution
Crystalloids
IV fluid and electrolytes
Diffusion
Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
Electrolyte
Element or compound that, when melted or dissolved in water or other solvent, dissociates into ions and can carry an electrical current
Electronic Infusion Device (EID)
A piece of equipment that delivers intravenous fluids at a prescribed rate through an intravenous cathetar
Extracellular Fluid Volume (EVC) Deficit
Portion of body fluids composed of the interstitial fluid and blood plasma at a low level
Extracellular Fluid Volume (EVC) Excess
Portion of body fluids composed of the interstitial fluid and blood plasma at a high level
Filtration
The straining of fluid through a membrane
Fluid
Water that contains dissolved or suspended substances such as glucose, mineral salts, and proteins
Fluid Homeostasis
Dynamic interplay of three processes;
- Fluid intake and absorption
- Fluid distribution
- Fluid output
Hemolysis
Breakdown of Red Blood Cells
Hydrostatic Pressure
Pressure caused by a liquid
Hypercalcemia
Greater-than-normal amount of calcium in the blood
Hyperchloremia
Greater-than-normal amounts of carbon dioxide in the blood
Hyperkalemis
Greater-than-normal amount of potassium in the blood
Hypermagnesemia
Greater-than-normal Magnesium level in the blood
Hypernatremia
Greater-than-normal sodium concentration in ECF caused by loss of relatively more water than salt or gain of relatively more salt than water
Hypertonic
Situation in which one solution has a greater concentration of solute than another solution; therefore the first solution exerts greater osmotic pressure
Hypocalcemia
Lower-than-normal amounts of calcium in the blood
Hypochloremia
Lower-than-normal amount of carbon dioxide in the blood
Hypokalemia
Lower-than-normal amount of potassium in the blood
Hypomagnesemia
Lower-than-normal amount of magnesium in the blood
Hyponatremia
Lower-than-normal sodium concentration in the ECF, which occurs from gaining relatively more water than salt or losing relatively more salt than water
Hypotonic
Situation in which one solution has a smaller concentration of solute than another solution; therefore the first solution exerts less osmotic pressure
Hypovolemia
Abnormally low circulating blood volume
Infiltration
Dislodging an intravenous catheter or needle from a vein into the subcutaneous space
Insensible Water Loss
Water loss that is continuous and is not perceived by the person
Ions
Charged particles
Isotonic
Situation in which two solutions have the same concentration of solute; therefore both solutions exert the same osmotic pressure
Metabolic Acidosis
Abnormal condition of high hydrogen ion concentration in the extracellular fluid caused by either a primary increase in hydrogen ions or a decrease in bicarbonate
Metabolic Alkalosis
Abnormal condition characterized by the significant loss of acid from the body or by increased levels of bicarbonate
Oncotic Pressure
The total influence of the protein on the osmotic activity of plasma fluid
Osmolality
Osmotic pressure of a solution expressed in osmoles or milliosmoles per kilogram of water
Osmoraceptors
Neurons in the hypothalamus that are sensitive to the fluid concentration in the blood plasma and regulate the secretion of anti-diuretic hormone
Osmosis
Movement of a pure solvent through a semipermeable membrane from a solution with a lower solute concentration to one with a high solute concentration
Osmotic Pressure
Drawing power for water, which depends on the number of molecules in the solution
Parenteral Nutrition (PN)
The administration of a nutritional solution into the vascular system
Phlebitis
Inflammation of the vein
Respiratory Acidosis
Abnormal condition characterized by increased arterial carbon dioxide concentration, excess carbonic acid, and increased hydrogen ion concentration
Respiratory Alkalosis
Abnormal condition characterized by decreased arterial carbon dioxide concentration and decreased hydrogen ion concentration
Transfusion Reaction
Systemic response by the body to the administration of blood incompatible with that of the recipient
Vascular Access Device (VAD)
Catheters, cannulas, or infusion ports designed for long-term, repeated access to the vascular system
Venipuncture
Technique in which a vein is punctured transcutaneously by a sharp rigid stylet, a cannula, or a needle attached to a syringe
