Chapter 18: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance; Key Terms

Question 1

Acidosis

Answer 1

The lower negative value of the acid-base scale

Question 2

Active Transport

Answer 2

Movement of materials across the cell membrane by means of chemical activity that allows the cell to admit larger molecules than would otherwise be possible

Question 3

ADH

Answer 3

Antidiuretic hormone- hormone that decreases the production of urine by increasing the re-absorption of water by the renal tubules.
Secreted by cells of the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior lobe of pituitary gland

Question 4

Aldosterone

Answer 4

Mineralocorticoid steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex with action in the renal tubule to regulate sodium and potassium balance in the blood

Question 5

Allogeneic Transfusion

Answer 5

Infusion of a donor’s blood into a patient

Question 6

Alkalosis

Answer 6

A higher positive value on the acid-base scale

Question 7

Angiotensin

Answer 7

Polypeptide occurring in the blood, causing vasoconstriction, increased blood pressure, and the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex

Question 8

Anion Gap

Answer 8

Difference between the concentrations of serum cations and anions, determined by measuring the concentrations of sodium cations and chloride and bicarbonate anions

Question 9

Anion

Answer 9

Negatively charged electrolyte

Question 10

Arterial Blood Gas (ABG)

Answer 10

Analysis that is an effective method of evaluating acid-base balance and oxygenation. 
Involves 6 components
-pH
-PaCO2
-PaO2
-SaO2 base excess
-HCO-3

Question 11

Autologous Transfusion

Answer 11

Procedure in which blood is removed from a donor and stored for a variable period before it is returned to the donor’s own circulation

Question 12

Buffers

Answer 12

Substance or group of substances that can absorb or release hydrogen ions to correct an acid-base imbalance

Question 13

Cations

Answer 13

Positively charged electrolytes

Question 14

Clinical Dehydration

Answer 14

Hypernatremia and ECV deficit

Question 15

Colloid Osmotic Pressure

Answer 15

Inward-pulling force caused by the presence of protein molecules

Question 16

Colloid

Answer 16

Blood product

Question 17

Concentration

Answer 17

Relative content of a component within a substance or solution

Question 18

Crystalloids

Answer 18

IV fluid and electrolytes

Question 19

Diffusion

Answer 19

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

Question 20

Electrolyte

Answer 20

Element or compound that, when melted or dissolved in water or other solvent, dissociates into ions and can carry an electrical current

Question 21

Electronic Infusion Device (EID)

Answer 21

A piece of equipment that delivers intravenous fluids at a prescribed rate through an intravenous cathetar

Question 22

Extracellular Fluid Volume (EVC) Deficit

Answer 22

Portion of body fluids composed of the interstitial fluid and blood plasma at a low level

Question 23

Extracellular Fluid Volume (EVC) Excess

Answer 23

Portion of body fluids composed of the interstitial fluid and blood plasma at a high level

Question 24

Filtration

Answer 24

The straining of fluid through a membrane

Question 25

Fluid

Answer 25

Water that contains dissolved or suspended substances such as glucose, mineral salts, and proteins

Question 26

Fluid Homeostasis

Answer 26

Dynamic interplay of three processes; - Fluid intake and absorption - Fluid distribution - Fluid output

Question 27

Hemolysis

Answer 27

Breakdown of Red Blood Cells

Question 28

Hydrostatic Pressure

Answer 28

Pressure caused by a liquid

Question 29

Hypercalcemia

Answer 29

Greater-than-normal amount of calcium in the blood

Question 30

Hyperchloremia

Answer 30

Greater-than-normal amounts of carbon dioxide in the blood

Question 31

Hyperkalemis

Answer 31

Greater-than-normal amount of potassium in the blood

Question 32

Hypermagnesemia

Answer 32

Greater-than-normal Magnesium level in the blood

Question 33

Hypernatremia

Answer 33

Greater-than-normal sodium concentration in ECF caused by loss of relatively more water than salt or gain of relatively more salt than water

Question 34

Hypertonic

Answer 34

Situation in which one solution has a greater concentration of solute than another solution; therefore the first solution exerts greater osmotic pressure

Question 35

Hypocalcemia

Answer 35

Lower-than-normal amounts of calcium in the blood

Question 36

Hypochloremia

Answer 36

Lower-than-normal amount of carbon dioxide in the blood

Question 37

Hypokalemia

Answer 37

Lower-than-normal amount of potassium in the blood

Question 38

Hypomagnesemia

Answer 38

Lower-than-normal amount of magnesium in the blood

Question 39

Hyponatremia

Answer 39

Lower-than-normal sodium concentration in the ECF, which occurs from gaining relatively more water than salt or losing relatively more salt than water

Question 40

Hypotonic

Answer 40

Situation in which one solution has a smaller concentration of solute than another solution; therefore the first solution exerts less osmotic pressure

Question 41

Hypovolemia

Answer 41

Abnormally low circulating blood volume

Question 42

Infiltration

Answer 42

Dislodging an intravenous catheter or needle from a vein into the subcutaneous space

Question 43

Insensible Water Loss

Answer 43

Water loss that is continuous and is not perceived by the person

Question 44

Ions

Answer 44

Charged particles

Question 45

Isotonic

Answer 45

Situation in which two solutions have the same concentration of solute; therefore both solutions exert the same osmotic pressure

Question 46

Metabolic Acidosis

Answer 46

Abnormal condition of high hydrogen ion concentration in the extracellular fluid caused by either a primary increase in hydrogen ions or a decrease in bicarbonate

Question 47

Metabolic Alkalosis

Answer 47

Abnormal condition characterized by the significant loss of acid from the body or by increased levels of bicarbonate

Question 48

Oncotic Pressure

Answer 48

The total influence of the protein on the osmotic activity of plasma fluid

Question 49

Osmolality

Answer 49

Osmotic pressure of a solution expressed in osmoles or milliosmoles per kilogram of water

Question 50

Osmoraceptors

Answer 50

Neurons in the hypothalamus that are sensitive to the fluid concentration in the blood plasma and regulate the secretion of anti-diuretic hormone

Question 51

Osmosis

Answer 51

Movement of a pure solvent through a semipermeable membrane from a solution with a lower solute concentration to one with a high solute concentration

Question 52

Osmotic Pressure

Answer 52

Drawing power for water, which depends on the number of molecules in the solution

Question 53

Parenteral Nutrition (PN)

Answer 53

The administration of a nutritional solution into the vascular system

Question 54

Phlebitis

Answer 54

Inflammation of the vein

Question 55

Respiratory Acidosis

Answer 55

Abnormal condition characterized by increased arterial carbon dioxide concentration, excess carbonic acid, and increased hydrogen ion concentration

Question 56

Respiratory Alkalosis

Answer 56

Abnormal condition characterized by decreased arterial carbon dioxide concentration and decreased hydrogen ion concentration

Question 57

Transfusion Reaction

Answer 57

Systemic response by the body to the administration of blood incompatible with that of the recipient

Question 58

Vascular Access Device (VAD)

Answer 58

Catheters, cannulas, or infusion ports designed for long-term, repeated access to the vascular system

Question 59

Venipuncture

Answer 59

Technique in which a vein is punctured transcutaneously by a sharp rigid stylet, a cannula, or a needle attached to a syringe