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Microbiology 251 > chapter 18 > Flashcards

chapter 18 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

If you were given an attenuated vaccine what did that mean?

A

given a weakened organism

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2
Q

define immunis

A

exempt ( can’t get it again)

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3
Q

Are attenuated vaccines live cultures or dead?

A

alive

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4
Q

Give an example of an attenuated vaccine that they give our children today

A

MMR

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5
Q

If someone is given an inactivated whole agent, what does that mean?

A

the vaccine is an entire agent/pathogen that is not alive/ nonliving culture

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6
Q

What is Acellular referring to?

What is Subunit referring to?

A
  • Bacteria

* Virus

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7
Q

What is an interchangeable word with immunoglobulin?

means the same thing as

A

antibody

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8
Q

In innate immunity, what on the cell membrane activates complement?

A

proteins

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9
Q

Where is the complement system and what would you find in it?

A
  • complement system is in the Blood

* 20 different proteins floating in inactive state

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10
Q

What must happen to the 20 different kinds of proteins floating in the blood in an inactive state, in order for them to do their jobs?

A

must be activated

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11
Q

Antibodies job is to bind to antigen. can this bond be broken or is it tight?

A

tightest bond in biology

specific bond

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12
Q

Precipitation is a way to help us get rid of antigens (toxins)of bacteria?
what happens during precipitation?

A

a toxin (antigen) that’s very little, attaches to an antibody and this makes it visible so it can be seen

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13
Q

Name the constant region of antibodies

stays the same

A

Fc

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14
Q

What do you call it when there is a clumping of things together?

A

agglutination

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15
Q

Can precipitation, agglutination, and neutralization all occur in the same setting?

A

yes. toxins can bind to antibody and be made visible, antibodies can link antigens together and they can become blocked from entering the cell which means neutralization takes place

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16
Q

Can Neutralization stop a virus from getting into a cell?

A

yes

17
Q

What will Trim 21 bind to?

A

Trim 21 binds to the antibody that is bound to the virus and tags it for destruction by proteasomes

18
Q

If you’re a virus, what does having an antibody attached to you do?

A

makes you recognizable to everyone

19
Q

What is variolation?

A

picking scabs off person with mild case of disease (small pox), grinding it into a powder and injecting into children to give them exposure and a chance at survival

20
Q

How is cow pox similar to small pox and was causing milk maids to be immunis?

A

share some of the same antigens

21
Q

What do you call a type of vaccine that consists of modified toxins?
(toxins: bi-products of pathogens that would actually be the cause of death)

A

toxoids

examples where this is used: tetanus, diptheria, whooping cough

22
Q

Bacterial meningitis (Haemophilus influenza B) used to kill children under the age of 5. The children’s bodies could not recognize sugars so when a pathogen had a thick sugary capsule it would go unnoticed until they finally created which kind of vaccine that attached a complicated protein to a sugar to make it recognizable and build immunity?

A

conjugate vaccines the Hib vaccine

sub-unit/acellular

23
Q

What is the most common type of vaccine used today?

A

subunit/acellular
injecting a piece of a virus (subunit) or a piece of bacteria (acellular) for example spikes of virus, and still create memory cells for if or when actual pathogen invades

24
Q

Hep B virus is treated with a ___________ Vaccine. This is a vaccine that involves taking a gene that codes for a virus and putting it into a microorganism that is safe and easy to grow. (ex: putting spike gene into a yeast molecule and then everytime it replicates it does transcription and translation of yeast-spike

A

Recombinant (technique)

(plasmid w/ gene that codes for surface Ag)
they would take the spikes out of the yeast and inject those. Build memory cells

25
Q

What type of vaccine is not on the market here yet that involves taking a plasmid with a gene spike and inject it into our good cells. Human cells begin producing spikes. Memory cells are made. Human cells get rid of foreign DNA eventually?

A

DNA vaccines

26
Q

What is the name of the irritant that is added to vaccines to bring more WBC more quickly to the area?
(what makes it sting when they inject it)

A

Adjuvant

27
Q

A Phage attaches to host cell and injects ___

A

DNA

28
Q

Can a Phage DNA enter the lysogenic or lytic cycle?

A

yes

29
Q

When Phage DNA enters lytic cycle, new phage DNA and proteins are synthesized and assembled into _______

A

virions

30
Q

What happens to the host cell for it to release the Phage Virions?

A

it lyses

31
Q

what is a bacteriophage?

A

a virus that parasitizes a bacterium by infecting it and reproducing inside of it

32
Q

What is a Prion?

A

Proteinaceous infectious particles

cause of Mad cow disease

33
Q

How many misfolded proteins does a prion have?

A

1

34
Q

Prions are acellular with no DNA.

true or false?

A

true

35
Q

How does the misfolded prion protein make more of itself?

A

It finds others like itself and runs into them and changes their shape

36
Q

What is Bovine spongioform encephalopathy?

A

Mad Cow Disease

build up of misfolded protein in brain

37
Q

How did you get mad cow disease?

A

had to ingest/eat brain in some form

38
Q

What is Mad Cow disease in sheep called?

what is it called in deer/elk?

A
  • scrapie

* chronic wasting disease

Microbiology 251 (7 decks)

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