chapter 18 Flashcards
If you were given an attenuated vaccine what did that mean?
given a weakened organism
define immunis
exempt ( can’t get it again)
Are attenuated vaccines live cultures or dead?
alive
Give an example of an attenuated vaccine that they give our children today
MMR
If someone is given an inactivated whole agent, what does that mean?
the vaccine is an entire agent/pathogen that is not alive/ nonliving culture
What is Acellular referring to?
What is Subunit referring to?
- Bacteria
* Virus
What is an interchangeable word with immunoglobulin?
means the same thing as
antibody
In innate immunity, what on the cell membrane activates complement?
proteins
Where is the complement system and what would you find in it?
- complement system is in the Blood
* 20 different proteins floating in inactive state
What must happen to the 20 different kinds of proteins floating in the blood in an inactive state, in order for them to do their jobs?
must be activated
Antibodies job is to bind to antigen. can this bond be broken or is it tight?
tightest bond in biology
specific bond
Precipitation is a way to help us get rid of antigens (toxins)of bacteria?
what happens during precipitation?
a toxin (antigen) that’s very little, attaches to an antibody and this makes it visible so it can be seen
Name the constant region of antibodies
stays the same
Fc
What do you call it when there is a clumping of things together?
agglutination
Can precipitation, agglutination, and neutralization all occur in the same setting?
yes. toxins can bind to antibody and be made visible, antibodies can link antigens together and they can become blocked from entering the cell which means neutralization takes place
Can Neutralization stop a virus from getting into a cell?
yes
What will Trim 21 bind to?
Trim 21 binds to the antibody that is bound to the virus and tags it for destruction by proteasomes
If you’re a virus, what does having an antibody attached to you do?
makes you recognizable to everyone
What is variolation?
picking scabs off person with mild case of disease (small pox), grinding it into a powder and injecting into children to give them exposure and a chance at survival
How is cow pox similar to small pox and was causing milk maids to be immunis?
share some of the same antigens
What do you call a type of vaccine that consists of modified toxins?
(toxins: bi-products of pathogens that would actually be the cause of death)
toxoids
examples where this is used: tetanus, diptheria, whooping cough
Bacterial meningitis (Haemophilus influenza B) used to kill children under the age of 5. The children’s bodies could not recognize sugars so when a pathogen had a thick sugary capsule it would go unnoticed until they finally created which kind of vaccine that attached a complicated protein to a sugar to make it recognizable and build immunity?
conjugate vaccines the Hib vaccine
sub-unit/acellular
What is the most common type of vaccine used today?
subunit/acellular
injecting a piece of a virus (subunit) or a piece of bacteria (acellular) for example spikes of virus, and still create memory cells for if or when actual pathogen invades
Hep B virus is treated with a ___________ Vaccine. This is a vaccine that involves taking a gene that codes for a virus and putting it into a microorganism that is safe and easy to grow. (ex: putting spike gene into a yeast molecule and then everytime it replicates it does transcription and translation of yeast-spike
Recombinant (technique)
(plasmid w/ gene that codes for surface Ag)
they would take the spikes out of the yeast and inject those. Build memory cells
