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Microbiology 251 > Chapter 16 Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Chapter 16 Innate Immunity Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does Carl Zimmer say is like trying to reproduce the Sistine Chapel in Crayon?

A

to sum up what scientists have learned about the immune system

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2
Q

What defenses/immunity do you have that are present at birth, before contact with microbes?

A

Innate defenses

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3
Q

Which type of immunity, innate or adaptive, is not very specific and does not change/improve with use?

A

Innate: not as specific
does not change with use
born with it

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4
Q

What type of immunity is developed over time, is VERY specific, and get’s better with use (has memory)?

A

Adaptive immunity

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5
Q

What is your skin, an innate defense or an adaptive defense?

A

Innate

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6
Q

How often does your epidermis turn over?

A

6 weeks

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7
Q

list physical/chemical characteristics of the epidermis that make it a great defense.
(list 6 or 7 things)

A
  • several layers
  • tightly packed cells
  • keratinized
  • dead (nutrition poor)
  • No blood vessels
  • Dry
  • Sebum/ Oil Glands (salt, antimicrobial peptides, lysozyme, sebum)
  • High turnover: every 6 weeks
  • Normal flora
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8
Q

Name the 4 parts of the Dermis

A
  • Collagen Fibers
  • Dendritic Cells (Langerhans)
  • Sebaceous glands
  • Blood vessels
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9
Q

Name the 3 Phagocytic cells discussed in class

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Macrophages
  • Dendritic Cells
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10
Q

What is the active process of engulfing very large particles or cells?

A

Phagocytosis

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11
Q

What is Lysozyme and what does it digest?

A
  • Giant enzyme

* digests peptidoglycan

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12
Q

The dermis is nutritious for bacteria because it is rich in blood vessels, but why is this also bad for bacteria?

A

because white blood cells can arrive quickly through the blood stream

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13
Q

Some phagocytic cells use __________ to track the bacteria through our tissues

A

chemotaxis

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14
Q

All Phagocytic white blood cells are ______

A

motile

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15
Q

What are TLR’s and are they innate or adaptive?

A

Toll-like Receptors

innate (born with them)

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16
Q

What is the name for the molecules found on our white blood cells (and some epithelial cells) that bind to PAMPS?

A

Toll-like Receptors (TLR)

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17
Q

PAMPS are molecules found on pathogens often with wide distribution. What does PAMPS stand for?

A

Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns

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18
Q

What are Mannans?

A

TLRs found in yeast cell walls

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19
Q

What is the name of the system of the body that is a Network of fibers and phagocytes found within and between organs?
(system not learned in 224)

A

Reticulo-endothelial system

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20
Q

All phagocytic cells have 2 things in common. What are they?

A
  • they are all Motile/move

* Active processes (use a lot of ATP)

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21
Q

What is a negative side effect of phagocytosis?

A

leakage of toxic chemicals, bi-products

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22
Q

What type of membranes line all openings into the body?

A

Mucous Membranes

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23
Q

Where would you find all of these things?

  • Hyaluronic Acid
  • Regeneration
  • Goblet cells (mucus)
  • Cilia
  • Antimicrobial peptides
  • Lysozyme
  • Phagocytes
  • ANTIBODIES (Adaptive)
A

Mucous Membrane

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24
Q

How do phagocytes know what to eat?

A

by what their TLR (Toll-like Receptors) recognize

they recognize PAMPS, structures found on bacteria, viruses, etc.

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25
Q

LPS is a TLR found on Gram-________ cells

A

Gram-Negative

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26
Q

Lipoteichoic acid is a TLR found on Gram-________ cells

A

Gram-Positive

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27
Q

GPI anchors are TLR found on _________

A

Parasites

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28
Q

Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is a TLR associated with _____ replicating

A

virus replicating

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29
Q

Name the bacterial enzyme that breaks down Hyaluronic Acid

A

Hyaluronidase

30
Q

How do some pathogens become unrecognizable to TLRs?

A

they mutate or evolve

31
Q

Where in the lymphatic system will you find a lot of phagocytes?

A

lymph nodes

32
Q

There are a lot of phagocytes by our ___________ area in our body

A

respiratory

33
Q

What is Bystander damage?

A

leakage of toxic chemicals

34
Q

What does Complement mean?

A

every position filled, all work together to do one job

35
Q

proenzymes are ________, they must be metabolized into enzymes (activated)

A

inactive

36
Q

how many different proenzymes are in the Complement system?

A

> 20 different

37
Q

Are Complement proteins temperature sensitive?

A

yes, very

38
Q

Some mutations on TLRs, are the cause of __________ disease

A

autoimmune diseases

39
Q

The complement activates by binding to Bacterial ________. It inserts itself into the bacterial cell membrane.

A

binds to bacterial proteins

40
Q

What does the complement do once it binds to the bacterial protein and inserts itself into the cell membrane?

A

pokes a hole in bacterial cell membrane, forms rings on bacteria

41
Q

What does Lectin do?

found on bacterial surface

A

mediate attachment and binding

carbohydrate binding

42
Q

Once a complement activates by binding to bacterial proteins and poking the hole in cell membrane, it forms the rings by getting other complement proteins from the _____, to do the same thing

A

blood

43
Q

What do you call the substance (small proteins) secreted by cells of the immune system that have a specific effect on the interactions and communications between cells?

A

cytokines

44
Q

What substance is released in your body when you’re sick that causes your whole body to feel achy and causes everything to be a little more sensitive to pain?
(tells you to lay down and take it easy)

A

Prostaglandins

45
Q

Name the protein we make that interferes with viruses. We make this protein when a cell becomes infected by a virus.

A

Interferon

46
Q

Who secretes the Interferons and who are they for?

A

The cell infected by the virus secretes the Interferons for neighboring cells

47
Q

What types of genes do Interferons turn on and which cells will be saved by Interferons?

A

they turn on anti-viral genes

Interferons save healthy, non-infected cells

48
Q

What does IFN- alpha and IFN- beta stand for?

A

two different types of Interferons

49
Q

Are Interferon’s part of adaptive immunity or innate immunity?

A

innate immunity

50
Q

Name the 3 proteins that humans make to hide Iron (from bacteria)

A
  • Lactoferrin
  • Transferrin
  • Ferritin
51
Q

Name the Enzyme that Bacteria has that steals Iron (Fe) back from us when we hide it.

A

Siderophores

52
Q

Name the 4 things that must occur for something to be classified as inflammation

A
  • Redness
  • Swelling
  • Heat
  • Pain
53
Q

What causes the feeling of pain during inflammation?

A

nerve sensitivity due to prostaglandins

54
Q

What is the actual thing causing the swelling during inflammation?

A

neutrophils, fluid, blood

55
Q

What causes the Heat during inflammation?

A

blood and cell activity

56
Q

Name the 3 main inflammatory chemicals released when there’s damage to tissues

A
  • Histamines
  • Prostaglandins
  • Leukotrienes
57
Q

When inflammatory chemicals (molecules) diffuse through tissues, they run into blood vessels. What do these chemicals cause the blood vessels to do?

A

blood vessels dilate to slow down the blood

58
Q

What are found in the cells that line the blood vessel that slow down the neutrophils?

A

hooks

59
Q

What do healthy cells have that notice that a fellow cell has been infected by a virus and started secreting Interferons?

A

Interferon receptors

60
Q

What do the anti-viral proteins released because of Interferons actually do to a virus that may show up?

A
  • degrades nucleic acids of the virus

* blocks virus replication

61
Q

Translate ‘ Rubor et tumor cum calore et dolore’

A
  • Redness
  • Swelling
  • Heat
  • Pain
62
Q

The tiny foreign little shapes that your white blood cells can stick to and recognize are called ________

A

antigens

63
Q

Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids that we don’t have are all antigens.
true or false?

A

true

64
Q

Why does chronic inflammation give you a higher risk of cancer?

A

because the excessive phagocytic activity produces an excessive amount of toxic by-products being released which can negatively effect healthy surrounding cells

65
Q

Where are T cells made?

Where do T cells mature?

A

Bone Marrow

Thymus

66
Q

Where are B cells made?

Where do B cells mature?

A

Bone Marrow

Bone Marrow

67
Q

Where are APC (antigen-presenting cells) made?

Where do APC’s mature?

A

Bone Marrow

Mature all over the place

68
Q

What is the name of the receptor gene found in T cells?

A

Somatic hypermutation T cell receptor gene

69
Q

Each T cell that you make in the bone marrow has a different T-cell receptor.
true or false?

A

true

70
Q

What’s another name for the T helper cell?

A

CD4

71
Q

What’s another name for the T cytotoxic cell?

A

CD8

Microbiology 251 (7 decks)

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