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Microbiology 251 > Chapter 16 Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Chapter 16 Innate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What does Carl Zimmer say is like trying to reproduce the Sistine Chapel in Crayon?

A

to sum up what scientists have learned about the immune system

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2
Q

What defenses/immunity do you have that are present at birth, before contact with microbes?

A

Innate defenses

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3
Q

Which type of immunity, innate or adaptive, is not very specific and does not change/improve with use?

A

Innate: not as specific
does not change with use
born with it

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4
Q

What type of immunity is developed over time, is VERY specific, and get’s better with use (has memory)?

A

Adaptive immunity

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5
Q

What is your skin, an innate defense or an adaptive defense?

A

Innate

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6
Q

How often does your epidermis turn over?

A

6 weeks

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7
Q

list physical/chemical characteristics of the epidermis that make it a great defense.
(list 6 or 7 things)

A
  • several layers
  • tightly packed cells
  • keratinized
  • dead (nutrition poor)
  • No blood vessels
  • Dry
  • Sebum/ Oil Glands (salt, antimicrobial peptides, lysozyme, sebum)
  • High turnover: every 6 weeks
  • Normal flora
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8
Q

Name the 4 parts of the Dermis

A
  • Collagen Fibers
  • Dendritic Cells (Langerhans)
  • Sebaceous glands
  • Blood vessels
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9
Q

Name the 3 Phagocytic cells discussed in class

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Macrophages
  • Dendritic Cells
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10
Q

What is the active process of engulfing very large particles or cells?

A

Phagocytosis

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11
Q

What is Lysozyme and what does it digest?

A
  • Giant enzyme

* digests peptidoglycan

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12
Q

The dermis is nutritious for bacteria because it is rich in blood vessels, but why is this also bad for bacteria?

A

because white blood cells can arrive quickly through the blood stream

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13
Q

Some phagocytic cells use __________ to track the bacteria through our tissues

A

chemotaxis

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14
Q

All Phagocytic white blood cells are ______

A

motile

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15
Q

What are TLR’s and are they innate or adaptive?

A

Toll-like Receptors

innate (born with them)

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16
Q

What is the name for the molecules found on our white blood cells (and some epithelial cells) that bind to PAMPS?

A

Toll-like Receptors (TLR)

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17
Q

PAMPS are molecules found on pathogens often with wide distribution. What does PAMPS stand for?

A

Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns

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18
Q

What are Mannans?

A

TLRs found in yeast cell walls

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19
Q

What is the name of the system of the body that is a Network of fibers and phagocytes found within and between organs?
(system not learned in 224)

A

Reticulo-endothelial system

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20
Q

All phagocytic cells have 2 things in common. What are they?

A
  • they are all Motile/move

* Active processes (use a lot of ATP)

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21
Q

What is a negative side effect of phagocytosis?

A

leakage of toxic chemicals, bi-products

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22
Q

What type of membranes line all openings into the body?

A

Mucous Membranes

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23
Q

Where would you find all of these things?

  • Hyaluronic Acid
  • Regeneration
  • Goblet cells (mucus)
  • Cilia
  • Antimicrobial peptides
  • Lysozyme
  • Phagocytes
  • ANTIBODIES (Adaptive)
A

Mucous Membrane

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24
Q

How do phagocytes know what to eat?

A

by what their TLR (Toll-like Receptors) recognize

they recognize PAMPS, structures found on bacteria, viruses, etc.

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25
LPS is a TLR found on Gram-________ cells
Gram-Negative
26
Lipoteichoic acid is a TLR found on Gram-________ cells
Gram-Positive
27
GPI anchors are TLR found on _________
Parasites
28
Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is a TLR associated with _____ replicating
virus replicating
29
Name the bacterial enzyme that breaks down Hyaluronic Acid
Hyaluronidase
30
How do some pathogens become unrecognizable to TLRs?
they mutate or evolve
31
Where in the lymphatic system will you find a lot of phagocytes?
lymph nodes
32
There are a lot of phagocytes by our ___________ area in our body
respiratory
33
What is Bystander damage?
leakage of toxic chemicals
34
What does Complement mean?
every position filled, all work together to do one job
35
proenzymes are ________, they must be metabolized into enzymes (activated)
inactive
36
how many different proenzymes are in the Complement system?
>20 different
37
Are Complement proteins temperature sensitive?
yes, very
38
Some mutations on TLRs, are the cause of __________ disease
autoimmune diseases
39
The complement activates by binding to Bacterial ________. It inserts itself into the bacterial cell membrane.
binds to bacterial proteins
40
What does the complement do once it binds to the bacterial protein and inserts itself into the cell membrane?
pokes a hole in bacterial cell membrane, forms rings on bacteria
41
What does Lectin do? | found on bacterial surface
mediate attachment and binding | carbohydrate binding
42
Once a complement activates by binding to bacterial proteins and poking the hole in cell membrane, it forms the rings by getting other complement proteins from the _____, to do the same thing
blood
43
What do you call the substance (small proteins) secreted by cells of the immune system that have a specific effect on the interactions and communications between cells?
cytokines
44
What substance is released in your body when you're sick that causes your whole body to feel achy and causes everything to be a little more sensitive to pain? (tells you to lay down and take it easy)
Prostaglandins
45
Name the protein we make that interferes with viruses. We make this protein when a cell becomes infected by a virus.
Interferon
46
Who secretes the Interferons and who are they for?
The cell infected by the virus secretes the Interferons for neighboring cells
47
What types of genes do Interferons turn on and which cells will be saved by Interferons?
they turn on anti-viral genes | Interferons save healthy, non-infected cells
48
What does IFN- alpha and IFN- beta stand for?
two different types of Interferons
49
Are Interferon's part of adaptive immunity or innate immunity?
innate immunity
50
Name the 3 proteins that humans make to hide Iron (from bacteria)
* Lactoferrin * Transferrin * Ferritin
51
Name the Enzyme that Bacteria has that steals Iron (Fe) back from us when we hide it.
Siderophores
52
Name the 4 things that must occur for something to be classified as inflammation
* Redness * Swelling * Heat * Pain
53
What causes the feeling of pain during inflammation?
nerve sensitivity due to prostaglandins
54
What is the actual thing causing the swelling during inflammation?
neutrophils, fluid, blood
55
What causes the Heat during inflammation?
blood and cell activity
56
Name the 3 main inflammatory chemicals released when there's damage to tissues
* Histamines * Prostaglandins * Leukotrienes
57
When inflammatory chemicals (molecules) diffuse through tissues, they run into blood vessels. What do these chemicals cause the blood vessels to do?
blood vessels dilate to slow down the blood
58
What are found in the cells that line the blood vessel that slow down the neutrophils?
hooks
59
What do healthy cells have that notice that a fellow cell has been infected by a virus and started secreting Interferons?
Interferon receptors
60
What do the anti-viral proteins released because of Interferons actually do to a virus that may show up?
* degrades nucleic acids of the virus | * blocks virus replication
61
Translate ' Rubor et tumor cum calore et dolore'
* Redness * Swelling * Heat * Pain
62
The tiny foreign little shapes that your white blood cells can stick to and recognize are called ________
antigens
63
Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids that we don't have are all antigens. true or false?
true
64
Why does chronic inflammation give you a higher risk of cancer?
because the excessive phagocytic activity produces an excessive amount of toxic by-products being released which can negatively effect healthy surrounding cells
65
Where are T cells made? | Where do T cells mature?
Bone Marrow | Thymus
66
Where are B cells made? | Where do B cells mature?
Bone Marrow | Bone Marrow
67
Where are APC (antigen-presenting cells) made? | Where do APC's mature?
Bone Marrow | Mature all over the place
68
What is the name of the receptor gene found in T cells?
Somatic hypermutation T cell receptor gene
69
Each T cell that you make in the bone marrow has a different T-cell receptor. true or false?
true
70
What's another name for the T helper cell?
CD4
71
What's another name for the T cytotoxic cell?
CD8

Microbiology 251 (7 decks)

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