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Microbiology 251 > Chapter 17 Adaptive Immunity > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Foreign pieces or shapes that your immune system ‘sees’ or responds to are called ________.

A

antigens

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2
Q

Who does the APC (antigen presenting cell) present the antigen to?

A

T-Helper Cells

looking for the correct T-Helper cell

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3
Q

Name the 3 cells that are the APC’s

A
  • Dendritic Cells
  • Macrophages
  • B-cells
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4
Q

All of the APC’s have a molecule on their surface called _____

A

MHC II

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5
Q

What is MALT, also known as Peyer’s Patch, and where is it located?

A

Mucous-associated lymphatic tissue

Found underneath the lining of the mucous membrane

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6
Q

Name the 2 primary immune organs

A
  • Thymus

* Bone Marrow

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7
Q

Every T-cell we make is unique.

true or false?

A

true

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8
Q

List the 4 secondary immune organs

A
  • Lymph nodes
  • Tonsils
  • Spleen
  • MALT (peyer’s patch)
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9
Q

Name the two types of T-cells

CD4, CD8

A 
T helper (CD4)
T-cytotoxic (CD8)
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10
Q

Which type of T-cells get activated by the Cell-mediated Pathway?

A

T-cytotoxic cells (CD8)

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11
Q

Which Pathway, Cell-mediated or Humoral, is best for intracellular?

A

Cell-mediated Pathway

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12
Q

Which Pathway, Cell-mediated or Humoral, is best for extracellular?

A

Humoral Pathway

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13
Q

What type of cells does the Humoral Pathway activate?

What do these cells produce?

A
  • B cells

* produce antibodies

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14
Q

Which cells have MHC I and display it when something is going on inside of the cell?

A

all nucleated cells ( except for RBC’s)

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15
Q

Which arm (pathway) of the immune system will go into action when there is something going on inside of the cell like a virus is inside?

A

Intracellular

cell-mediated arm

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16
Q

T-Helper secretes a special blend of _________ and they will be recognized by it’s match T-cytotoxic cell (it will recognize the specific blend)

A

cytokines

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17
Q

Once the T-cytotoxic cells activate (by T helper finding it’s match), the activated T cytotoxic cell begins to multiply and build a T cytotoxic cell army. This is known as what?

A

Clonal Expansion

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18
Q

Which is the Humoral arm, extracellular or intracellular?

A

extracellular

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19
Q

Does the T cytotoxic “army” (clonal expansion) leave the lymph node or stay in the lymph node?

A

leave the lymph node

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20
Q

When the cell-mediated (intrcellular) arm and/or the humoral (extracellular) arm starts the first step in immune defense, where is this taking place up until the clonal expression occurs?

A

in the Lymph Nodes

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21
Q

What does the special blend of cytokines secreted by the T Helper cell do for it?

A

helps it find it’s perfect match

22
Q

Once the T cytotoxic army is released during cell-mediated defense, what do they do?

A

try and find their “match” which is the infected cell displaying MHC I

23
Q

Once the T cytotoxic army cell finds it’s match (the infected cell displaying MHC I, what does it release and what happens?

A

it snuggles up with infected cell, then releases cytokines that tell the infected cell to kill itself (apoptosis)

24
Q

For first exposure to an invader/pathogen, how long does it take for our cell-mediated defense to build up it’s T cytotoxic army?

A

3-4 days

25
Q

How long does it take for memory cells involved in cell-mediated defense to build their army during their 2nd exposure?

A

12 hours

26
Q

What happens if a T cytotoxic cell (from army) still can’t find it’s match?

A

it kills itself

apoptosis

27
Q

Are some viruses capable of stopping the MHC I from presenting itself on an infected cell?

A

yes

28
Q

Both Cell-mediated defense and Humoral defense start out the same way, with a T Helper cell. but with Cell-mediated, the T helper goes looking for a T cytotoxic cell match and wants to activate it and with Humoral, the T Helper is trying to find a _-____

A

B-cell

29
Q

With cell-mediated, what does the T Helper cell do to find it’s T cytotoxic match?

A

secretes cytokines, a chemical signal

secretes and then waits for a match, more passive approach

30
Q

With Humoral defense, what does the T Helper cell do to find it’s B-cell match?

A

physically touch B-cells to see if they’re a match

must go out and actively look

31
Q

Give another name for an activated T cytotoxic cell

A

CD8

32
Q

Other than physically touching, what other thing is needed to activate a B-cell?

A

B-cell blend of cytokines from T-Helper cell

33
Q

What do activated B-cells produce and shed?

What is the name given for an activated B-cell?

A
  • antibodies

* Plasma cells

34
Q

What do the antibodies that B-cells shed do to bacteria?

A

kill it

35
Q

Once the Plasma cells (activated B cells) are done doing their job, what happens?

A

they kill themselves (apoptosis)

a few stay behind and become memory cells that continue making little antibodies

36
Q

During Humoral Defense, how long after first exposure does it take to build the Plasma cell army (clonal expansion)?

A

7-10 days (to make antibodies)

37
Q

During Humoral Defense, how long after 2nd exposure, does clonal expansion (building the activated B-cell army) take?

A

12 hours

38
Q

Are the memory cells that are created by receiving vaccines, just as effective as the memory cells you create by being exposed to actual pathogens?

A

no,

there are way less created

39
Q

IFN, TNF, IL-2, IL-4, are all signaling molecules of immune cells better known as _________

A

cytokines

40
Q

What happens to T cytotoxic cells once they have cleared out all of the infected cells?

A

most kill themselves but some are left to become memory T cells

41
Q

What does Humoral immunity begin with?

A

antigen presentation to T-Helper cells

extracellular

42
Q

What is the first step in cell-mediated immunity involving APC?

A

APC (antigen presenting cell) presents antigen to many T-Helper cell receptors (until correct TH match is found)

43
Q

Every T cell we make is unique and all of their t cell receptors are unique/different as well.
true or false?

A

true

44
Q

All 100,000 B-cell receptors on the surface of an individual B-cell are all identical.
true or false?

A

true

45
Q

Define opsonization

A

an immune process where particles such as bacteria are targeted for destruction by a phagocyte
(identifying the invading particle to the phagocyte)

46
Q

What is Trim21?

A

a cytoplasmic protein

47
Q

What cytoplasmic protein, binds to Ab/Virus within the cell, and targets it for proteosome?

A

Trim 21

48
Q

What types of cells have proteasome (proteosomes) found in?

What is the main function of proteasome?

A
  • found in all Eukaryotic (located in nucleus and cytoplasm), Archaic, and some bacteria
  • degrades unneeded or damaged proteins by proteolysis
49
Q

What is proteolysis?

A

a chemical process that breaks down peptide bonds

50
Q

What do proteasomes do to Ab/viruses?

A

chop them up

Microbiology 251 (7 decks)

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