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Microbiology 251 > Chapter 17 Adaptive Immunity > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Foreign pieces or shapes that your immune system ‘sees’ or responds to are called ________.

A

antigens

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2
Q

Who does the APC (antigen presenting cell) present the antigen to?

A

T-Helper Cells

looking for the correct T-Helper cell

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3
Q

Name the 3 cells that are the APC’s

A
  • Dendritic Cells
  • Macrophages
  • B-cells
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4
Q

All of the APC’s have a molecule on their surface called _____

A

MHC II

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5
Q

What is MALT, also known as Peyer’s Patch, and where is it located?

A

Mucous-associated lymphatic tissue

Found underneath the lining of the mucous membrane

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6
Q

Name the 2 primary immune organs

A
  • Thymus

* Bone Marrow

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7
Q

Every T-cell we make is unique.

true or false?

A

true

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8
Q

List the 4 secondary immune organs

A
  • Lymph nodes
  • Tonsils
  • Spleen
  • MALT (peyer’s patch)
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9
Q

Name the two types of T-cells

CD4, CD8

A 
T helper (CD4)
T-cytotoxic (CD8)
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10
Q

Which type of T-cells get activated by the Cell-mediated Pathway?

A

T-cytotoxic cells (CD8)

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11
Q

Which Pathway, Cell-mediated or Humoral, is best for intracellular?

A

Cell-mediated Pathway

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12
Q

Which Pathway, Cell-mediated or Humoral, is best for extracellular?

A

Humoral Pathway

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13
Q

What type of cells does the Humoral Pathway activate?

What do these cells produce?

A
  • B cells

* produce antibodies

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14
Q

Which cells have MHC I and display it when something is going on inside of the cell?

A

all nucleated cells ( except for RBC’s)

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15
Q

Which arm (pathway) of the immune system will go into action when there is something going on inside of the cell like a virus is inside?

A

Intracellular

cell-mediated arm

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16
Q

T-Helper secretes a special blend of _________ and they will be recognized by it’s match T-cytotoxic cell (it will recognize the specific blend)

A

cytokines

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17
Q

Once the T-cytotoxic cells activate (by T helper finding it’s match), the activated T cytotoxic cell begins to multiply and build a T cytotoxic cell army. This is known as what?

A

Clonal Expansion

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18
Q

Which is the Humoral arm, extracellular or intracellular?

A

extracellular

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19
Q

Does the T cytotoxic “army” (clonal expansion) leave the lymph node or stay in the lymph node?

A

leave the lymph node

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20
Q

When the cell-mediated (intrcellular) arm and/or the humoral (extracellular) arm starts the first step in immune defense, where is this taking place up until the clonal expression occurs?

A

in the Lymph Nodes

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21
Q

What does the special blend of cytokines secreted by the T Helper cell do for it?

A

helps it find it’s perfect match

22
Q

Once the T cytotoxic army is released during cell-mediated defense, what do they do?

A

try and find their “match” which is the infected cell displaying MHC I

23
Q

Once the T cytotoxic army cell finds it’s match (the infected cell displaying MHC I, what does it release and what happens?

A

it snuggles up with infected cell, then releases cytokines that tell the infected cell to kill itself (apoptosis)

24
Q

For first exposure to an invader/pathogen, how long does it take for our cell-mediated defense to build up it’s T cytotoxic army?

25
How long does it take for memory cells involved in cell-mediated defense to build their army during their 2nd exposure?
12 hours
26
What happens if a T cytotoxic cell (from army) still can't find it's match?
it kills itself | apoptosis
27
Are some viruses capable of stopping the MHC I from presenting itself on an infected cell?
yes
28
Both Cell-mediated defense and Humoral defense start out the same way, with a T Helper cell. but with Cell-mediated, the T helper goes looking for a T cytotoxic cell match and wants to activate it and with Humoral, the T Helper is trying to find a _-____
B-cell
29
With cell-mediated, what does the T Helper cell do to find it's T cytotoxic match?
secretes cytokines, a chemical signal | secretes and then waits for a match, more passive approach
30
With Humoral defense, what does the T Helper cell do to find it's B-cell match?
physically touch B-cells to see if they're a match | must go out and actively look
31
Give another name for an activated T cytotoxic cell
CD8
32
Other than physically touching, what other thing is needed to activate a B-cell?
B-cell blend of cytokines from T-Helper cell
33
What do activated B-cells produce and shed? | What is the name given for an activated B-cell?
* antibodies | * Plasma cells
34
What do the antibodies that B-cells shed do to bacteria?
kill it
35
Once the Plasma cells (activated B cells) are done doing their job, what happens?
they kill themselves (apoptosis) | a few stay behind and become memory cells that continue making little antibodies
36
During Humoral Defense, how long after first exposure does it take to build the Plasma cell army (clonal expansion)?
7-10 days (to make antibodies)
37
During Humoral Defense, how long after 2nd exposure, does clonal expansion (building the activated B-cell army) take?
12 hours
38
Are the memory cells that are created by receiving vaccines, just as effective as the memory cells you create by being exposed to actual pathogens?
no, | there are way less created
39
IFN, TNF, IL-2, IL-4, are all signaling molecules of immune cells better known as _________
cytokines
40
What happens to T cytotoxic cells once they have cleared out all of the infected cells?
most kill themselves but some are left to become memory T cells
41
What does Humoral immunity begin with?
antigen presentation to T-Helper cells | extracellular
42
What is the first step in cell-mediated immunity involving APC?
APC (antigen presenting cell) presents antigen to many T-Helper cell receptors (until correct TH match is found)
43
Every T cell we make is unique and all of their t cell receptors are unique/different as well. true or false?
true
44
All 100,000 B-cell receptors on the surface of an individual B-cell are all identical. true or false?
true
45
Define opsonization
an immune process where particles such as bacteria are targeted for destruction by a phagocyte (identifying the invading particle to the phagocyte)
46
What is Trim21?
a cytoplasmic protein
47
What cytoplasmic protein, binds to Ab/Virus within the cell, and targets it for proteosome?
Trim 21
48
What types of cells have proteasome (proteosomes) found in? | What is the main function of proteasome?
* found in all Eukaryotic (located in nucleus and cytoplasm), Archaic, and some bacteria * degrades unneeded or damaged proteins by proteolysis
49
What is proteolysis?
a chemical process that breaks down peptide bonds
50
What do proteasomes do to Ab/viruses?
chop them up

Microbiology 251 (7 decks)

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