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Microbiology 251 > chapter 1 and 4 > Flashcards

chapter 1 and 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the word for the sugar coat that surrounds the bacteria, it is the outer layer normally made of bound polysaccharides on the cell surface and a superficial layer of unbound proteoglycans and glycoproteins?

A

glycocalyx

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2
Q

a Glycocalyx exists in bacteria as either a _______ or a _____ ______.

A

capsule

slime layer

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3
Q

What shape is a coccus?

A

round, spherical

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4
Q

What shape is bacilli?

A

rod-shaped

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5
Q

What does the shape of a vibrio look like?

A

a comma

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6
Q

What is the difference between Spirilla and Spirochete?

A

Spirilla are spiral prokaryotes that are short and rigid

Spirochete are spiral prokaryotes that contain longer and more flexible cell walls and move in a spiral motion

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7
Q

What main thing is used to build biofilms?

A

glycocalyx

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8
Q

What is the name for a rod-shaped prokaryotic cell?

A

bacillus

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9
Q

What are 3 things the glycocalyx does for bacteria

A
  • enables bacteria to adhere to surfaces
  • it protects the bacteria from attack from hosts immune system
  • recognition of other cells
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10
Q

If a glycocalyx is loosely attached, is it called a capsule or a slime layer?

A

slime layer

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11
Q

What is the human Eukaryotic version of a glycocalyx?

A

ECM

Extra Cellular Matrix

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12
Q

Which is the longer cell surface appendage that is tube-like in structure and is made up of the protein pillin? Pili or Fimbriae?

A

Pili

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13
Q

Which is found in both Gram Negative and Gram Positive bacteria? Fimbriae or Pili?

A

Fimbriae

Pili is only found in Gram -

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14
Q

What would a bacteria cell have more of, more Pili or more Fimbriae?

A

Way more Fimbriae

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15
Q

What do you call the Pili involved in cell to cell attachment during bacterial conjugation?

A

Sex Pili

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16
Q

Are Fimbriae and Pili pathogenic mechanisms?

A

yes

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17
Q

What is another name for Fimbriae?

A

short pili

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18
Q

Which are retractable, pili or fimbriae?

A

pili

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19
Q

Where would you find the nucleiod of a bacteria cell?

A

wherever the chromosome is kept

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20
Q

Who disproved spontaneous generation?

A

Louis Pasteur

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21
Q

Who observed “animalcules” from teeth scrapings?

A

Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek

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22
Q

What is Saccharomyces?

A

a genus in the kingdom of fungi that includes many species of yeast

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23
Q

What do you call the Archaea that loves salt?

A

Halophiles

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24
Q

What is the name for a cold loving microbe?

A

Psychrophiles

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25
Q

What is the name for a hot-loving microbe?

A

Thermophiles

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26
Q

What do you call a microbe that loves EXTREMELY hot temps?

A

hyperthermophiles

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27
Q

Name the three Domains

A
  • Domain Archaea
  • Domain Bacteria
  • Domain Eukarya
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28
Q

Which of the three domains deals with prokaryotic organisms?

A

Domain Archaea and Domain Bacteria

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29
Q

What is Taxomy?

A

The science of naming and classifying organisms

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30
Q

what are staphylococci

A

cocci that divide and form grape-like clusters

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31
Q

What is a Tetrad when talking about shapes and identifying?

A

cocci that remain in a group of 4

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32
Q

What do streptobacilli look like?

A

chains of bacilli (rods connected in a row)

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33
Q

What are vibrios?

A

bacteria that look like curved rods

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34
Q

If a Glycocalyx is firmly attached to a cell wall, what is it called?

A

capsule

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35
Q

What is a pleomorphic bacteria?

A

bacteria that can have many shapes, not just one

36
Q

What do you call the long, filament appendages that propel bacteria?

A

flagella

37
Q

What is motility?

A

the ability for an organism to move by itself

38
Q

define taxis?

A

the movement of a bacterium towards or away from a particular stimulus

39
Q

What is the word for a chemical stimuli for movement?

A

chemotaxis

40
Q

What type of Pili is used to bing bacteria together for the transfer of DNA?

A

conjugation pili

41
Q

What is the cell wall responsible for in a bacteria cell?

A

shape and structure

42
Q

What is the bacterias cell wall primarily composed of?

A

peptidoglycans

43
Q

Where is the plasma membrane located, inside or outside of the cell wall of bacteria?

A

inside

44
Q

What do you call lipids attached to carbohydrates?

A

glycolipids

45
Q

What do you call proteins attached to carbohydrates?

A

glycoproteins

46
Q

What is the self-healing fluid mosaic model composed of?

A

phospholipid bilayer and proteins (also some glycoproteins and glycolipids)

47
Q

What structure is found within the phospholipid bilayer of bacterias plasma membrane that acts like the cholesterol of the eukaryotic cell and helps keep the fluidity?

A

Hopanoid

48
Q

With the prokaryotic cell, what do we call the substance of the cell inside the plasma membrane?

A

cytoplasm

49
Q

What does a bacterial chromosome look like?

A

long, single chromosome, double-helix DNA, frequently in a circular shape

50
Q

What is a plasmid?

A

a small circular, double stranded peice of DNA molecule. Often these are parts of DNA not frequently used by bacteria (like antibiotic resistance)

51
Q

What is the name for the reserve deposits inside of a prokaryotic cell?

A

inclusions or inclusion bodies

52
Q

The glycocalyx covers the plasma membrane and is made up of a substantial amount of sticky _____________

A

carbohydrates

53
Q

What is it called when a segment of the plasma membrane surrounds a particle and encloses it and brings it into the cell?

A

endocytosis

54
Q

What structure in Eukaryotes provides support and shape and assists in transporting substances?

A

cytoskeleton

55
Q

What is the name given for the fluid portion of the cytoplasm?

A

cytosol

56
Q

In which type of cell do the ribosomes attach to the surface of the ER and do protein synthesis?

A

eukaryotic cells

57
Q

Are there any membrane bound organelles in bacteria cells?

A

no

58
Q

Are there free ribosomes present in eukaryotic cells or only bound?

A

there are both

59
Q

Which has 70s and which has 80s ribosomes?

A

70s ribosomes are for bacteria cells

80s ribosomes are found in eukaryotic cells

60
Q

What is the largest structure in a Eukaryotic cell?

A

Nucleus

61
Q

What do we call the double membrane that surrounds the nucleus?

A

Nuclear envelope

62
Q

Which type of bacterial cell has a double membrane? Gram + or Gram -?

A

Gram negative

63
Q

What do we call the space in a bacterial cell that is found between the plasma membrane (phospholipid bilayer) and the cell wall or in a gram negative cell it’s found between the cytoplasmic and outermembrane?

A

periplasmic space

64
Q

define monomorphic?

A

bacteria that maintain the same shape

65
Q

What are the hairlike appendages found in Gram - bacteria that are shorter, straighter, and thinner than flagella and are used to adhere?

A

fimbriae/fimbria

66
Q

What type of motility is occurring when a pilus extends, makes contact with surface or cell, then retracts, grappling hook movement?

A

twitching motility

67
Q

What are bacterial cell walls composed of, consisting of repeating disaccharides connected by polypeptides (amino acids) to form a lattice that surrounds and protects the entire cell?

A

Peptidoglycan

68
Q

Name the 7 informal groupings of organisms that microbiologists study

A
  • Bacteria
  • Archaea
  • Fungi
  • Protozoa
  • Algae
  • Animal Parasites
  • Viruses
69
Q

Give 2 basic characteristics of Bacteria

A

1 chromosome

no membrane bound organelles

70
Q

Give 2 basic characteristics of Archaea

A

can live in extreme climates

look and act like bacteria so were considered “weird” bacteria until the 1970’s

71
Q

Give 2 basic characteristics of Fungi

A

It is also referred to as mold or yeast

It thrives in sugar while bacteria does not

72
Q

Give 2 basic characteristics of a Protozoa

A

are found in water or live as parasites
unicellular
(amoebas, paramecia, etc.)

73
Q

Give 2 basic characteristics of Algae

A

unicellular or multicellular

used to be classified as plants

74
Q

Give 2 basic characteristics of Animal Parasites

A

They live in a host and get nutrients from the host

They can cause harm to their host

75
Q

Give 2 basic characteristics of Viruses

A

cannot grow or reproduce outside of a host

many can cause disease in host organisms but not all

76
Q

What is Osmotic Pressure?

A

The pressure required to prevent the movement of pure water into an area with a higher concentration of solutes

77
Q

What is a hypertonic solution?

A

A medium that has a higher concentration of solutes than that inside the cell

78
Q

Do most bacteria live in hypotonic or hypertonic solutions?

A

hypotonic

79
Q

What happens when bacteria is placed in a hypertonic solution?

A

it shrinks and pulls away from cell wall which is called plasmolysis

80
Q

Do viruses have Genes?

A

yes either DNA or RNA

81
Q

Which is smaller, bacteria or a virus?

A

virus

82
Q

When discussing bacterial shapes and arrangements, what is another name for sarcinae?

A

tetrad

83
Q

can Bacilli form a sarcinae/tetrad?

A

no only cocci

84
Q

Which has a thicker peptidoglycan layer, Gram-Positive or Gram-Negative bacterial cells?

A

Gram-Positive

85
Q

Which type of bacterial cell, Gram + or Gram -, has lipopolysaccharides attached at the outer membrane?

A

Gram-Negative

Microbiology 251 (7 decks)

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