Chapter 18

Question 1

primary purpose of the pulmonary system

Answer 1

exchange of gases (oxygen and CO2) between the environmental air and the blood

Question 2

ventilation

Answer 2

act of breathing through inhalation (active) and expiration (passive)

Question 3

diffusion

Answer 3

exchange of gases across membranes

Question 4

perfusion

Answer 4

CV system pumps blood

Question 5

agonal

Answer 5

end-of-life pattern finding

Question 6

apnea

Answer 6

no breaths

Question 7

hypoxemia

Answer 7

decreased oxygen concentration of arterial blood

Question 8

hypoxia

Answer 8

inadequate levels of oxygen in the body tissue

Question 9

what effects can kyphosis have on the body

Answer 9

compress anterior chest

reduce inspiratory volumes

Question 10

what is pectus cainatum

Answer 10

chest sticks out

Question 11

what is pectus excavatum

Answer 11

lower sternum pokes into chest

Question 12

what is clubbing indicative of

Answer 12

chronic hypoxia

Question 13

what is crepitus

Answer 13

air in the interstitial tissue

Question 14

what is resonance

Answer 14

normal, low-pitched, clear, hollow (percussion)

Question 15

what is hypperresonance

Answer 15

booming (too much air present),

percussion

Question 16

what is “dull” (percussion)

Answer 16

soft, muffled thud– indicates abnormal density in lungs

Question 17

what are vesicular breath sounds

Answer 17

soft, low-pitched, over most of the chest wall

Question 18

what are bronchial breath sounds

Answer 18

loud, high-pitched, trachea and larynx

Question 19

what are bronchovesicular breath sounds

Answer 19

heard of major bronchi that have fewer alveoli

Question 20

what are rhonchi breath sounds?

Answer 20

gurgling sound, caused by mucus in the larger airways, may be clear with cough

Question 21

what are crackles breath sounds?

Answer 21

high- or low- pitched crakling sound, indication of fluid in the alveoli or narrowed airways
fine crackles- a little fluid
course crackles- a lot of fluid

Question 22

what are wheeze breath sounds?

Answer 22

high-pitched musical sounds, indication of narrowing of airways caused by asthma, bronchitis, or emphysema

Question 23

what are stridor breath sounds?

Answer 23

loud, high-pitched honking sound, indication of obstructed upper airway,
- emergency, required immediate attention

Question 24

what is pleural friction rub?

Answer 24

loud, coarse, low-pitched grating,
caused by inflamed pleural surfaces
- common on lower anterolateral thorax

Question 25

what is tuberculosis

Answer 25

slow growing mycobacterium that forms lesions or cavities in the lung

• exposure to infected persons
• night sweats, productive cough, reddish sputum

Question 26

what is emphysema

Answer 26

weakened and collapsed air sacs with excess mucus

Question 27

what is pneumothorax

Answer 27

a collapsed lung