Chapter 18 Flashcards
primary purpose of the pulmonary system
exchange of gases (oxygen and CO2) between the environmental air and the blood
ventilation
act of breathing through inhalation (active) and expiration (passive)
diffusion
exchange of gases across membranes
perfusion
CV system pumps blood
agonal
end-of-life pattern finding
apnea
no breaths
hypoxemia
decreased oxygen concentration of arterial blood
hypoxia
inadequate levels of oxygen in the body tissue
what effects can kyphosis have on the body
compress anterior chest
reduce inspiratory volumes
what is pectus cainatum
chest sticks out
what is pectus excavatum
lower sternum pokes into chest
what is clubbing indicative of
chronic hypoxia
what is crepitus
air in the interstitial tissue
what is resonance
normal, low-pitched, clear, hollow (percussion)
what is hypperresonance
booming (too much air present),
percussion
what is “dull” (percussion)
soft, muffled thud– indicates abnormal density in lungs
what are vesicular breath sounds
soft, low-pitched, over most of the chest wall
what are bronchial breath sounds
loud, high-pitched, trachea and larynx
what are bronchovesicular breath sounds
heard of major bronchi that have fewer alveoli
what are rhonchi breath sounds?
gurgling sound, caused by mucus in the larger airways, may be clear with cough
what are crackles breath sounds?
high- or low- pitched crakling sound, indication of fluid in the alveoli or narrowed airways
fine crackles- a little fluid
course crackles- a lot of fluid
what are wheeze breath sounds?
high-pitched musical sounds, indication of narrowing of airways caused by asthma, bronchitis, or emphysema
what are stridor breath sounds?
loud, high-pitched honking sound, indication of obstructed upper airway,
- emergency, required immediate attention
what is pleural friction rub?
loud, coarse, low-pitched grating,
caused by inflamed pleural surfaces
- common on lower anterolateral thorax
