Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biol235 Quiz 4 > Chapter 18 > Flashcards

Chapter 18 Flashcards

1
Q

Hormone

A

A molecule release in one part of the body but regulates the activity of cells in other parts of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Molecules in nervous system vs endocrine system

A

NT release locally in response to NI

Hormones delivered to tissues throughout body by blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Site of action (also where it binds) NS vs endocrine system

A

Close to site of release, at synapse; bind to receptor in postsynaptic membrane

Far from site of release (usually); binds to receptors on or in target cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Type of target cells in NS vs endocrine

A

Muscle cells, gland cells, other neurons

Cells throughout body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Time to onset of action NS vs endocrine system

A

Typically within milliseconds

Seconds to hours or days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Duration of action of NS vs endocrine system

A

Generally briefer (milliseconds)

Generally loner (seconds to days)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Exocrine glands (what, types)

A

Secrete products into ducts that carry into body cavities, liken or organs, or to surface of outer body

Sudoriferous sebaceous mucous digestive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Endocrine glands (what)

A

Secrete products into interstitial fluid surrounding the secretory cells then diffuse into blood capillaries to target cells

Very vascular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Types of endocrine glands

A

Pituitary thyroid parathyroid adrenal pineal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Organs and tissues that have cells that secrete hormones

A

Hypothalamus thymus pancreas ovaries testes kidneys stomach liver small intestine skin heart adipose tissue placenta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Endocrine system

A

Endocrine glands and hormone secreting cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Down regulation

A

If a hormone is present in excess the number of target cell receptors may decrease

Less sensitive to hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Up regulation

A

When a hormone is deficient the number of receptors may increase

More sensitive to hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Circulating hormones

A

Pass from deceit cells to interstitial fluid then into blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Local hormones (what and two types)

A

Act locally on neighbouring cells or in same cell that secreted them

Don’t enter bloodstream

Paracrines autocrines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Paracrines

A

Local hormones acting on neighbouring cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Autocrine

A

Act on same cell thag secreted them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Two broad classes of hormones

A

Lipid soluble and water soluble hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the lipid soluble hormones

A

Steroid hormones
Thyroid hormones
Nitric oxide (NO)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Steroid hormones

A

Lipid soluble

Derived from cholesterol

Variety of functions sure to different chemical groups attached at various sites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Thyroid hormones

A

Lipid soluble

T3 and T4

Synthesized by attatching iodine to tyrosine (amino acid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Nitric oxide

A

Lipid soluble

Hormone and NT

Synthesis catalyze by enzyme nitric oxide synthase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the water soluble hormones

A

Amine hormones
Peptide hormones/protein hormones
Eicosanoid hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Amine hormones

A

Water soluble

Synthesized by decarboxylating amino acids and have an amino groups

Ex epinephrine/norepinephrine (catecholamines) histamine serotonin melatonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Peptide hormones/protein hormones
Water soluble Amino acid polymers 3-49 amino acids=peptide Antidiuretic and oxytocin 50-200 amino acids= protein Growth hormone and insulin
26
Glycoprotein hormones
Protein hormones with attached carbohydrate groups Ex thyroid stimulation hormone
27
Eicosanoid hormones
Derived from arachidonic acid (20 carbon fatty acid) Prostaglandins (PGs) Leukotrienes (LTs)
28
Aldosterone cortisol androgens
Lipid soluble steroid hormone Released by Adrenal cortex
29
Calcitriol
Lipid soluble steroid hormones Released by kidneys
30
Testosterone
Lipid soluble steroid hormones Released by testes
31
Estrogens progesterone
Lipid soluble steroid hormones Released by ovaries
32
Triiodothyronine and thyroxine
Lipid soluble steroid hormones Released by thyroid gland (follicular cells)
33
Nitric oxide released by
Endothelial cells in lining of BV
34
Epinephrine norepinephrine
Water soluble amines Released by adrenal medulla
35
Melatonin
Water soluble amine hormones Release pineal gland
36
Histamine
Water soluble amine Release by mast cells in CT
37
Serotonin
Water soluble amine Released by platelets in blood
38
All hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones
Water soluble peptides and proteins Released by hypothalamus
39
Oxytocin antidiuretic hormone
Water soluble peptides and proteins Released by posterior pituitary
40
Growth hormone thyroid stimulation hormone adrenocorticotropic hormone follicle stimulation hormone luteinizing hormone prolactin melanocyte stimulating hormone
Water soluble peptides and proteins Released by anterior pituitary
41
Insulin glucagon somatostatin pancreatic polypeptide
Water soluble peptides and proteins Released by pancreas
42
Parathyroid hormone
Water soluble peptides and proteins Released by parathyroid glands
43
Calcitonin
Water soluble peptides and proteins Released by thyroid gland (parafollicular cells)
44
Gaston secretion cholecystokinin GIP
Water soluble peptides and proteins Release by stomach and small intestine (enteroendocrine cells)
45
Erythropoietin
Water soluble peptides and proteins Released by kidneys
46
Leptin
Water soluble peptides and proteins Release by adipose tissue
47
Prostaglandins leukotriens
Water soluble Eicosanoids Release by all cells except RBC
48
Actions of lipid soluble hormones
1. Hormone diffuses into cell 2. Activate receptor (inside cell) hormone complex alters gene expression 3. Newly formed mRNA directs synthesis of specific proteins on ribosomes 4. New protein alter cells activity
49
Action of water soluble hormones
1. Binding of hormone (1st messenger) to its receptor activates G protein->activates adenylyl cyclase 2. Activated adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to cAMP 3.cAMP serves as 2nd messenger to activate protein kinases 4.activated protein kinases phosphorylate cellular proteins 5.millions of phosphorylated proteins cause reactions that produce physiological responses 6. Phosphodiesterase inactivates cAMP
50
Responsiveness of a target cell to a hormone depends on (3)
Hormones concentration in blood Abundance of target cells hormone receptors Influences exerted by other hormones
51
Permissive effect
The action of some hormones on target cells require a simultaneous or recent exposure to a second hormones
52
Hormone secretion is regulated by
Signals from the NS Chemical changes in the blood Other hormones
53
Pituitary gland AKA
Hypophysis
54
What controls the pituitary gland
The hypothalamus
55
Where is the pituitary gland
Hypophyseal fossa of the sella turcica of sphenoid bone
56
Infundibulum
Stalk that attaches pituitary to hypothalamus
57
Anterior pituitary (AKA,weight,tissue,parts)
Adenohypophysis 75% of weight epithelial tissue Pars distalis: larger portion Pars tuberalis: forms sheath around infundibulum
58
Posterior pituitary (AKA, tissue, parts)
Neurohypophysis Neural tissue Pars nervosa: larger bulbar portion infundibulum: stalk Pars intermediate: 3rd region that atrophies during fetal development
59
Anterior pituitary cells and their hormones
1. Somatotrophs: growth hormone-body growth and metabolism 2. Thyrotrophs: thyroid stimulation hormone-controls secretion/activities of thyroid gland 3. Gonadotrophs: gonadotropins (FSH/LH- produce sperm/testosterone, mature eggs/estrogens and progesterone) 4. Lactotrophs: prolactin-initiates milk production 5. Corticotrophs: adrenocorticotropic hormone-stimulates adrenal cortex, some release melanocyte stimulation hormone
60
Hypothalamus secretes 5 releasing hormones
1. Growth hormone releasing hormone (somatocrinin) 2. Thyrotropin releasing hormone 3. Corticotropin releasing hormone 4. Prolactin releasing hormone 5. Gonadotropin releasing hormone
61
Hypothalamus releases two inhibits hormones
1. Growth hormone inhibiting hormone 2. Prolactin inhibiting hormone
62
Hypothalamus produces two imbibing hormones
Growth hormone inhibiting hormones(somatostatin) Prolactin inhibiting hormone
63
Hypophyseal portal system
Blood flows from capillaries in hypothalamus into portal veins that carry blood to capillaries of anterior pituitary Establish link between NS and ES
64
Blood flow of the Hypophyseal petal system
Superior Hypophyseal arteries: branches of internal carotid bring blood into hypothalamus Primary plexus of Hypophyseal portal system: capillary network and junction of hypothalamus and infundibulum Hypophyseal portal veins: into ant pituitary Secondary plexus of the Hypophyseal portal system: capillary network Hypophyseal veins: drain blood from ant pituitary
65
Neurosecretory cells
Neurons above optic chasm that synthesize hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones
66
Tropic hormones
Tropins Ant pituitary hormones that act on other endocrine cells
67
GH (somatotropin) function/released by
Stimulates liver muscle cartilage bone and other tissues to synthesize and secrete IGFs which in turn promote body growth GH acts directly to enhance lipolysis and decrease glucose uptake Anterior pituitary
68
TSH (thyrotropin) function/released by
Stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones by thyroid gland Anterior pituitary
69
FSH function/released by
Females: initiates development of oocytes and induces ovarian secretion of estrogens Males: stimulates testes to produce sperm Anterior pituitary
70
LH function/released by
Females: stimulates secretion of estrogens and progesterone, ovulation, and corpus luteum formation Males: stimulates testes to produce testosterone Anterior pituitary
71
PRL function/released by
Together with other hormones promotes milk production Anterior pituitary
72
ACTH (corticotropin) function/ released by
Stimulates secretion of glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol) by adrenal cortex Anterior pituitary
73
MSH function/released by
Exact role unknown may influence brain activity, excess=darkening of skin Anterior pituitary
74
What stimulates GHRH
Hypoglycemia Decreased blood levels of fatty acids Increase blood levels of amino acids Sympathetic activity Deep sleep Testosterone estrogens thyroid hormones and ghrelin
75
What stimulates GHIH
Hyperglycemia Increases blood levels of fatty acids Decreased blood levels of amino acids Obesity Aging High blood levels of GH and IGFs
76
Does the posterior pituitary synthesize hormones
No but it stores and releases oxytocin (OT) and antidiuretic hormone (ADH/vasopressin)
77
Where are the posterior pituitary neurosecretory cell bodies located
Paraventriculur and suraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus
78
Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal tract
Beings in hypothalamus and ends near blood capillaries in post pituitary
79
Pituicytes
Specialized neurologia in the axon terminals in post pituitary Similar to astroxytes
80
Oxytocin function/released by
Stimulates contraction of smooth muscle cells of uterus during childbirth Stimulates contraction of myoepithelial cells in mammary glands to cause milk ejection Post pituitary
81
Antidiuretic hormone function/released by
Conserved body water by decreasing urine volume, decreases perspiration, raises BP by constricting aterioles Post pituitary
82
Thyroid location/description
Inferior to larynx Butterfly shaped with right and left lateral lobes on either side of trachea
83
Isthmus
Anterior to trachea connects left and right lateral lobes of thyroid
84
What makes up most of a thyroid gland
Thyroid follicles surrounded by basement membrane
85
Fooicular cells (what/produce)
Cells making up thyroid follicles Produce thyroxine (tetraiodothyronine/T4) and triiodothyronine/T3)
86
Parafollicular cells
Between follicles and produce calcitonin (CT): regulate calcium
87
Formation/secretion of thyroid hormones
Iodide trapping: follicular cells trap Synthesis of thyroglobulin: glycoprotein Oxidation of iodide:remove electrons Iodination of tyrosine: make T1/T2 (colloid) Coupling of T1/T2: 2xT2 or T2andT1 Pinocytosis and digestion of colloid: Secretion of thyroid hormones Transportation in blood: 99% bind with thyroxine-binding globulin (TBH)
88
T3/T4 function(7)/released by
Increase basal metabolic rate, stimulate synthesis of proteins, increase use of glucose and fatty acids for ATP production, increase lipolysis, enhance cholesterol excretion, accelerate body growth, contribute to development of NS Thyroid gland
89
Calcitonin function/released by
Lowers blood Ca^2+ and HPO4^2- by inhibiting bone resorption by osteoclasts and by accelerating uptake of calcium and phosphates into bone extracellular matrix Parafollicular cells of thyroid gland
90
Calorigenic effect
Cells use more ATP, BMR increases, more heat given off, body temp rises
91
Parathyroid location
Partially embedded in post surface of lateral lobes of thyroid gland 4 total
92
2 cells in parathyroid glands
Chief cells: produce parathyroid hormones/more numerous Oxyphil cell: helps identity parathyroid/less numerous
93
Parathyroid hormone function/released by
Increase blood Ca^2+ and Mg^2+ levels and decreases blood HPO4^2- level, increases bone resorption by osteoclasts, increase Ca2+ resorption and HPO42- excretion by kidneys, promotes formation of calcitriol
94
Calcitriol
Active form of vitamin d Increases Ca2+ HPO4,2- and Mg2+ absorption from GI tract into blood
95
Location of adrenal glands
Superior to each kidney Flattened pyramidal
96
2 regions of adrenal glands
Adrenal cortex:80-90 percent Adrenal medulla CT capsule covers gland
97
Adrenal cortex divisions
Zona glomerulosa: outer zone, cells in spherical clusters/arched columns, secrete mineralocorticoids Zona fasciculata: middle zone, widest, cells in long straight columns, secrete glucocorticoids Zona reticullaris: inner zone, cells in branching cords, small amounts/weak androgens
98
Mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone) function/released by
Increase blood levels of Na+ and water, decrease blood K+ level Adrenal cortex from zona glomerulosa cells
99
Glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol) function/released by
Increase protein breakdown (except liver) stimulate glucogenesis and lipolysis, provide resistance to stress, dampen inflammation, depress immune response Adrenal cortex by zona fasiculata cells
100
Androgens (mainly DHEA) function/released by
Assist in early growth of axial and public hair, contribute to libido, source of estrogens after menopause Adrenal cortex by zona reticularis cells
101
Epinephrine and norepinephrine function/released by
Enhance effect of sympathetic division during ANS during stress Adrenal medulla by chromaffin cells
102
Epinephrine and norepinephrine AKA
Adrenaline, noradrenaline
103
What type of gland is the pancreas
Both and exocrine and an endocrine gland
104
Where is the pancreas/what parts
In the curve of the duodenum and has a head body and tail
105
Acini (what/produce)
99 percent of exocrine cells of pancreas are arranged in clusters called acini Produce digestive enzymes
106
Pancreatic islets
1-2 million clusters scattered among exocrine acini in pancreas
107
Pancreatic islets AKa
Islets of langerhans
108
4 cell types in the pancreatic islets
1. Alpha/A cells: 17% secrete glucagon 2. Beta/B cells: 70% secrete insulin 3. Delta/D cells: 7% secrete somatostatin 4. F cells: 6% secrete pancreatic polypeptide
109
Secretion of glucagon steps
1. Low blood glucose stimulates alpha cells 2. Glucagon acts on liver cells to: convert glycogen into glucose, forms glucose form lactic acid and AA 3. Glucose released by liver cells raises blood glucose level to normal 4. If blood glucose continues to rise, glucagon release is inhibited
110
Secretion of insulin steps
1. High blood glucose stimulates beta cells 2. Induce acts in various cells to: accelerated facilitated diffusion of glucose into cells, sped conversion of glucose to glycogen, increase uptake of AA and increase protein synthesis, speed synthesis of fatty acids 3. Blood glucose level falls 4. If blood glucose continues to fall, insulin release inhibited
111
Glucagon function/released by
Raises blood glucose level by accelerating glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and releasing glucose into blood Alpha cells of pancreatic islets
112
Insulin function/released by
Lower blood glucose levels by accelerating transport of glucose into cells, converting glucose into glycogen, decreasing glycogenolysis/gluconeogenesis Increases lipogenesis and stimulates protein synthesis Beta cells of pancreatic islets
113
Somatostatin function/released by
Inhibits secretion of insulin and glucagon, slows absorption of nutrients form Gi tract Delta cells of pancreatic islets
114
Pancreatic polypeptide function/released by
Inhibits somatostatin secretion, gallbladder contraction, and secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes F cells of pancreatic islets
115
Estrogens and progesterone produced by
Ovaries
116
Inhibin functions/released by
Females: inhibits secretion of FSH from ant pituitary (ovaries) Males: inhibits secretion of FSH from ant pituitary (testes)
117
Estrogens and progesterone functions/released by
With gonadotropic hormones of ant pituitary, regular female reproductive cycle, maintain pregnancy, prepare mammary glands for lactation, promote development/maintenance of breasts/hips Ovaries
118
Relaxin (RLX) function/released by
Increases flexibility of pubic symphysis during pregnancy, helps dilate uterine cervix during labor/delivery Ovaries
119
Where is the pineal gland
Attached to roof of 3rd ventricle of brain at midline
120
Pinealocytes
Masses of neuroglia and secretory cells that the pineal gland consists of
121
Melatonin function/released by
Contribute to setting of biological clock, promote sleepiness, may protect against damaging oxygen free radicals Pineal gland
122
Where is the thymus
Behind the sternum between the lungs
123
What hormones are produced by the thymus (4) and the function
Thymosin, thymic humoral factor (THF), thymic factor, thymopoietin Promote maturation of T cells (WBC that destroys microbes/foreign substances) May retard aging process
124
Cholecalciferol function/released by
Plays a role in the synthesis of calcitriol Skin
125
Gastrin function/produced by
Promotes secretion of gastric juice, increases movements of stomach GI tract
126
Glucose dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) function/released by
Stimulates release of insulin by pancreatic beta cells GI tract
127
Secretin function/released by
Stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice and bile GI tract
128
Cholecystokinin (CKK) function/released by
Stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice, regulate release of bile from gallbladder, causes feeling of fullness after eating GI tract
129
hCG function/produced by
Stimulated corpus luteum in ovary to continue production of estrogens and progesterone to maintain pregnancy Placenta
130
Estrogens/progesterones function/release by (not ovaries)
Maintain pregnancy help prepare mammary glands to secrete milk Placenta
131
Human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS) function/produced by
Stimulates development of mammary glands for lactation
132
Renin function/produced by
Part of reaction sequence that raises blood pressure by bringing about vasoconstriction and secretion of aldosterone Kidneys
133
Erythropoietin (EPO) function/ produced by
Increases rate of RBC production Kidneys
134
Calcitriol function/produced by (not paraythyroid)
AIDS in absorption of dietary calcium and phosphorus Kidneys (begins in skin, then liver, ends synthesis in kidneys)
135
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) function/released by
Decreases BP Heart
136
Leptin function/produced by
Suppresses appetite, may increase FSH/LH activity Adipose tissue
137
Eicosanoids what/where/act as
Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes Everywhere but RBC act as paracrines/autocrines
138
Synthesis of Eicosanoids
Clipping a Arachidonic acid (20 C fatty acid) from membrane phospholipid molecules and add an enzyme
139
Thromboxane (TX)
Modified prostaglandins that constricts BV and promotes platelet activation
140
Growth factors
Horomones that play roles in tissue development growth and repair. Most act locally
141
Prostaglandin function
Alter smooth muscle contraction, glandular secretion, blood flow; reproductive processes, platelet function, respiration, NI transmission, lipid metabolism, immune response
142
Leukotriene function
Stimulate chemotaxis of WBC to mediate inflammation
143
Eustress vs distress
Prepares us to meet challenges (helpful) Harmful stress
144
Stress response AKA
General adaptation syndrome (GAS)
145
Stress response controlled by
Hypothalamus
146
3 stages of stress response
Fight/lfight Resistance Exhaustion
147
Resistance reaction
Initiated by CRH, GHRH, TRH Helps body continue fighting a stressor long after fight or flight dissipates
148
Exhaustion
Resources depleted
149
Cortisol and stress
Provides resistance to stress/inflammation Suppresses further production of interleukin-1 (stimulates ACTH secretion) to turn off stress response

Biol235 Quiz 4 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions