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Biol235 Quiz 4 > Chapter 18 > Flashcards

Chapter 18 Flashcards

1
Q

Hormone

A

A molecule release in one part of the body but regulates the activity of cells in other parts of the body

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2
Q

Molecules in nervous system vs endocrine system

A

NT release locally in response to NI

Hormones delivered to tissues throughout body by blood

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3
Q

Site of action (also where it binds) NS vs endocrine system

A

Close to site of release, at synapse; bind to receptor in postsynaptic membrane

Far from site of release (usually); binds to receptors on or in target cells

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4
Q

Type of target cells in NS vs endocrine

A

Muscle cells, gland cells, other neurons

Cells throughout body

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5
Q

Time to onset of action NS vs endocrine system

A

Typically within milliseconds

Seconds to hours or days

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6
Q

Duration of action of NS vs endocrine system

A

Generally briefer (milliseconds)

Generally loner (seconds to days)

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7
Q

Exocrine glands (what, types)

A

Secrete products into ducts that carry into body cavities, liken or organs, or to surface of outer body

Sudoriferous sebaceous mucous digestive

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8
Q

Endocrine glands (what)

A

Secrete products into interstitial fluid surrounding the secretory cells then diffuse into blood capillaries to target cells

Very vascular

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9
Q

Types of endocrine glands

A

Pituitary thyroid parathyroid adrenal pineal

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10
Q

Organs and tissues that have cells that secrete hormones

A

Hypothalamus thymus pancreas ovaries testes kidneys stomach liver small intestine skin heart adipose tissue placenta

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11
Q

Endocrine system

A

Endocrine glands and hormone secreting cells

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12
Q

Down regulation

A

If a hormone is present in excess the number of target cell receptors may decrease

Less sensitive to hormone

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13
Q

Up regulation

A

When a hormone is deficient the number of receptors may increase

More sensitive to hormone

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14
Q

Circulating hormones

A

Pass from deceit cells to interstitial fluid then into blood

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15
Q

Local hormones (what and two types)

A

Act locally on neighbouring cells or in same cell that secreted them

Don’t enter bloodstream

Paracrines autocrines

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16
Q

Paracrines

A

Local hormones acting on neighbouring cells

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17
Q

Autocrine

A

Act on same cell thag secreted them

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18
Q

Two broad classes of hormones

A

Lipid soluble and water soluble hormones

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19
Q

What are the lipid soluble hormones

A

Steroid hormones
Thyroid hormones
Nitric oxide (NO)

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20
Q

Steroid hormones

A

Lipid soluble

Derived from cholesterol

Variety of functions sure to different chemical groups attached at various sites

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21
Q

Thyroid hormones

A

Lipid soluble

T3 and T4

Synthesized by attatching iodine to tyrosine (amino acid)

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22
Q

Nitric oxide

A

Lipid soluble

Hormone and NT

Synthesis catalyze by enzyme nitric oxide synthase

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23
Q

What are the water soluble hormones

A

Amine hormones
Peptide hormones/protein hormones
Eicosanoid hormones

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24
Q

Amine hormones

A

Water soluble

Synthesized by decarboxylating amino acids and have an amino groups

Ex epinephrine/norepinephrine (catecholamines) histamine serotonin melatonin

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25
Q

Peptide hormones/protein hormones

A

Water soluble

Amino acid polymers

3-49 amino acids=peptide
Antidiuretic and oxytocin

50-200 amino acids= protein
Growth hormone and insulin

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26
Q

Glycoprotein hormones

A

Protein hormones with attached carbohydrate groups

Ex thyroid stimulation hormone

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27
Q

Eicosanoid hormones

A

Derived from arachidonic acid (20 carbon fatty acid)

Prostaglandins (PGs)

Leukotrienes (LTs)

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28
Q

Aldosterone cortisol androgens

A

Lipid soluble steroid hormone

Released by Adrenal cortex

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29
Q

Calcitriol

A

Lipid soluble steroid hormones

Released by kidneys

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30
Q

Testosterone

A

Lipid soluble steroid hormones

Released by testes

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31
Q

Estrogens progesterone

A

Lipid soluble steroid hormones

Released by ovaries

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32
Q

Triiodothyronine and thyroxine

A

Lipid soluble steroid hormones

Released by thyroid gland (follicular cells)

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33
Q

Nitric oxide released by

A

Endothelial cells in lining of BV

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34
Q

Epinephrine norepinephrine

A

Water soluble amines

Released by adrenal medulla

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35
Q

Melatonin

A

Water soluble amine hormones

Release pineal gland

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36
Q

Histamine

A

Water soluble amine

Release by mast cells in CT

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37
Q

Serotonin

A

Water soluble amine

Released by platelets in blood

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38
Q

All hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones

A

Water soluble peptides and proteins

Released by hypothalamus

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39
Q

Oxytocin antidiuretic hormone

A

Water soluble peptides and proteins

Released by posterior pituitary

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40
Q

Growth hormone thyroid stimulation hormone adrenocorticotropic hormone follicle stimulation hormone luteinizing hormone prolactin melanocyte stimulating hormone

A

Water soluble peptides and proteins

Released by anterior pituitary

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41
Q

Insulin glucagon somatostatin pancreatic polypeptide

A

Water soluble peptides and proteins

Released by pancreas

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42
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

Water soluble peptides and proteins

Released by parathyroid glands

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43
Q

Calcitonin

A

Water soluble peptides and proteins

Released by thyroid gland (parafollicular cells)

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44
Q

Gaston secretion cholecystokinin GIP

A

Water soluble peptides and proteins

Release by stomach and small intestine (enteroendocrine cells)

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45
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Water soluble peptides and proteins

Released by kidneys

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46
Q

Leptin

A

Water soluble peptides and proteins

Release by adipose tissue

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47
Q

Prostaglandins leukotriens

A

Water soluble Eicosanoids

Release by all cells except RBC

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48
Q

Actions of lipid soluble hormones

A
  1. Hormone diffuses into cell
  2. Activate receptor (inside cell) hormone complex alters gene expression
  3. Newly formed mRNA directs synthesis of specific proteins on ribosomes
  4. New protein alter cells activity
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49
Q

Action of water soluble hormones

A
  1. Binding of hormone (1st messenger) to its receptor activates G protein->activates adenylyl cyclase
  2. Activated adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to cAMP
    3.cAMP serves as 2nd messenger to activate protein kinases
    4.activated protein kinases phosphorylate cellular proteins
    5.millions of phosphorylated proteins cause reactions that produce physiological responses
  3. Phosphodiesterase inactivates cAMP
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50
Q

Responsiveness of a target cell to a hormone depends on (3)

A

Hormones concentration in blood
Abundance of target cells hormone receptors
Influences exerted by other hormones

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51
Q

Permissive effect

A

The action of some hormones on target cells require a simultaneous or recent exposure to a second hormones

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52
Q

Hormone secretion is regulated by

A

Signals from the NS
Chemical changes in the blood
Other hormones

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53
Q

Pituitary gland AKA

A

Hypophysis

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54
Q

What controls the pituitary gland

A

The hypothalamus

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55
Q

Where is the pituitary gland

A

Hypophyseal fossa of the sella turcica of sphenoid bone

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56
Q

Infundibulum

A

Stalk that attaches pituitary to hypothalamus

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57
Q

Anterior pituitary (AKA,weight,tissue,parts)

A

Adenohypophysis

75% of weight
epithelial tissue

Pars distalis: larger portion
Pars tuberalis: forms sheath around infundibulum

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58
Q

Posterior pituitary (AKA, tissue, parts)

A

Neurohypophysis

Neural tissue

Pars nervosa: larger bulbar portion infundibulum: stalk
Pars intermediate: 3rd region that atrophies during fetal development

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59
Q

Anterior pituitary cells and their hormones

A
  1. Somatotrophs: growth hormone-body growth and metabolism
  2. Thyrotrophs: thyroid stimulation hormone-controls secretion/activities of thyroid gland
  3. Gonadotrophs: gonadotropins (FSH/LH- produce sperm/testosterone, mature eggs/estrogens and progesterone)
  4. Lactotrophs: prolactin-initiates milk production
  5. Corticotrophs: adrenocorticotropic hormone-stimulates adrenal cortex, some release melanocyte stimulation hormone
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60
Q

Hypothalamus secretes 5 releasing hormones

A
  1. Growth hormone releasing hormone (somatocrinin)
  2. Thyrotropin releasing hormone
  3. Corticotropin releasing hormone
  4. Prolactin releasing hormone
  5. Gonadotropin releasing hormone
61
Q

Hypothalamus releases two inhibits hormones

A
  1. Growth hormone inhibiting hormone
  2. Prolactin inhibiting hormone
62
Q

Hypothalamus produces two imbibing hormones

A

Growth hormone inhibiting hormones(somatostatin)

Prolactin inhibiting hormone

63
Q

Hypophyseal portal system

A

Blood flows from capillaries in hypothalamus into portal veins that carry blood to capillaries of anterior pituitary

Establish link between NS and ES

64
Q

Blood flow of the Hypophyseal petal system

A

Superior Hypophyseal arteries:
branches of internal carotid bring blood into hypothalamus

Primary plexus of Hypophyseal portal system:
capillary network and junction of hypothalamus and infundibulum

Hypophyseal portal veins: into ant pituitary

Secondary plexus of the Hypophyseal portal system: capillary network

Hypophyseal veins: drain blood from ant pituitary

65
Q

Neurosecretory cells

A

Neurons above optic chasm that synthesize hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones

66
Q

Tropic hormones

A

Tropins

Ant pituitary hormones that act on other endocrine cells

67
Q

GH (somatotropin) function/released by

A

Stimulates liver muscle cartilage bone and other tissues to synthesize and secrete IGFs which in turn promote body growth
GH acts directly to enhance lipolysis and decrease glucose uptake

Anterior pituitary

68
Q

TSH (thyrotropin) function/released by

A

Stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones by thyroid gland

Anterior pituitary

69
Q

FSH function/released by

A

Females: initiates development of oocytes and induces ovarian secretion of estrogens

Males: stimulates testes to produce sperm

Anterior pituitary

70
Q

LH function/released by

A

Females: stimulates secretion of estrogens and progesterone, ovulation, and corpus luteum formation

Males: stimulates testes to produce testosterone

Anterior pituitary

71
Q

PRL function/released by

A

Together with other hormones promotes milk production

Anterior pituitary

72
Q

ACTH (corticotropin) function/ released by

A

Stimulates secretion of glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol) by adrenal cortex

Anterior pituitary

73
Q

MSH function/released by

A

Exact role unknown may influence brain activity, excess=darkening of skin

Anterior pituitary

74
Q

What stimulates GHRH

A

Hypoglycemia
Decreased blood levels of fatty acids
Increase blood levels of amino acids
Sympathetic activity
Deep sleep
Testosterone estrogens thyroid hormones and ghrelin

75
Q

What stimulates GHIH

A

Hyperglycemia
Increases blood levels of fatty acids
Decreased blood levels of amino acids
Obesity
Aging
High blood levels of GH and IGFs

76
Q

Does the posterior pituitary synthesize hormones

A

No but it stores and releases oxytocin (OT) and antidiuretic hormone (ADH/vasopressin)

77
Q

Where are the posterior pituitary neurosecretory cell bodies located

A

Paraventriculur and suraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus

78
Q

Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal tract

A

Beings in hypothalamus and ends near blood capillaries in post pituitary

79
Q

Pituicytes

A

Specialized neurologia in the axon terminals in post pituitary
Similar to astroxytes

80
Q

Oxytocin function/released by

A

Stimulates contraction of smooth muscle cells of uterus during childbirth
Stimulates contraction of myoepithelial cells in mammary glands to cause milk ejection

Post pituitary

81
Q

Antidiuretic hormone function/released by

A

Conserved body water by decreasing urine volume, decreases perspiration, raises BP by constricting aterioles

Post pituitary

82
Q

Thyroid location/description

A

Inferior to larynx

Butterfly shaped with right and left lateral lobes on either side of trachea

83
Q

Isthmus

A

Anterior to trachea connects left and right lateral lobes of thyroid

84
Q

What makes up most of a thyroid gland

A

Thyroid follicles
surrounded by basement membrane

85
Q

Fooicular cells (what/produce)

A

Cells making up thyroid follicles
Produce thyroxine (tetraiodothyronine/T4) and triiodothyronine/T3)

86
Q

Parafollicular cells

A

Between follicles and produce calcitonin (CT): regulate calcium

87
Q

Formation/secretion of thyroid hormones

A

Iodide trapping: follicular cells trap

Synthesis of thyroglobulin: glycoprotein

Oxidation of iodide:remove electrons

Iodination of tyrosine: make T1/T2 (colloid)

Coupling of T1/T2: 2xT2 or T2andT1

Pinocytosis and digestion of colloid:

Secretion of thyroid hormones

Transportation in blood: 99% bind with thyroxine-binding globulin (TBH)

88
Q

T3/T4 function(7)/released by

A

Increase basal metabolic rate, stimulate synthesis of proteins, increase use of glucose and fatty acids for ATP production, increase lipolysis, enhance cholesterol excretion, accelerate body growth, contribute to development of NS

Thyroid gland

89
Q

Calcitonin function/released by

A

Lowers blood Ca^2+ and HPO4^2- by inhibiting bone resorption by osteoclasts and by accelerating uptake of calcium and phosphates into bone extracellular matrix

Parafollicular cells of thyroid gland

90
Q

Calorigenic effect

A

Cells use more ATP, BMR increases, more heat given off, body temp rises

91
Q

Parathyroid location

A

Partially embedded in post surface of lateral lobes of thyroid gland
4 total

92
Q

2 cells in parathyroid glands

A

Chief cells: produce parathyroid hormones/more numerous

Oxyphil cell: helps identity parathyroid/less numerous

93
Q

Parathyroid hormone function/released by

A

Increase blood Ca^2+ and Mg^2+ levels and decreases blood HPO4^2- level, increases bone resorption by osteoclasts, increase Ca2+ resorption and HPO42- excretion by kidneys, promotes formation of calcitriol

94
Q

Calcitriol

A

Active form of vitamin d
Increases Ca2+ HPO4,2- and Mg2+ absorption from GI tract into blood

95
Q

Location of adrenal glands

A

Superior to each kidney
Flattened pyramidal

96
Q

2 regions of adrenal glands

A

Adrenal cortex:80-90 percent
Adrenal medulla
CT capsule covers gland

97
Q

Adrenal cortex divisions

A

Zona glomerulosa: outer zone, cells in spherical clusters/arched columns, secrete mineralocorticoids

Zona fasciculata: middle zone, widest, cells in long straight columns, secrete glucocorticoids

Zona reticullaris: inner zone, cells in branching cords, small amounts/weak androgens

98
Q

Mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone) function/released by

A

Increase blood levels of Na+ and water, decrease blood K+ level

Adrenal cortex from zona glomerulosa cells

99
Q

Glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol) function/released by

A

Increase protein breakdown (except liver) stimulate glucogenesis and lipolysis, provide resistance to stress, dampen inflammation, depress immune response

Adrenal cortex by zona fasiculata cells

100
Q

Androgens (mainly DHEA) function/released by

A

Assist in early growth of axial and public hair, contribute to libido, source of estrogens after menopause

Adrenal cortex by zona reticularis cells

101
Q

Epinephrine and norepinephrine function/released by

A

Enhance effect of sympathetic division during ANS during stress

Adrenal medulla by chromaffin cells

102
Q

Epinephrine and norepinephrine AKA

A

Adrenaline, noradrenaline

103
Q

What type of gland is the pancreas

A

Both and exocrine and an endocrine gland

104
Q

Where is the pancreas/what parts

A

In the curve of the duodenum and has a head body and tail

105
Q

Acini (what/produce)

A

99 percent of exocrine cells of pancreas are arranged in clusters called acini

Produce digestive enzymes

106
Q

Pancreatic islets

A

1-2 million clusters scattered among exocrine acini in pancreas

107
Q

Pancreatic islets AKa

A

Islets of langerhans

108
Q

4 cell types in the pancreatic islets

A
  1. Alpha/A cells: 17% secrete glucagon
  2. Beta/B cells: 70% secrete insulin
  3. Delta/D cells: 7% secrete somatostatin
  4. F cells: 6% secrete pancreatic polypeptide
109
Q

Secretion of glucagon steps

A
  1. Low blood glucose stimulates alpha cells
  2. Glucagon acts on liver cells to: convert glycogen into glucose, forms glucose form lactic acid and AA
  3. Glucose released by liver cells raises blood glucose level to normal
  4. If blood glucose continues to rise, glucagon release is inhibited
110
Q

Secretion of insulin steps

A
  1. High blood glucose stimulates beta cells
  2. Induce acts in various cells to: accelerated facilitated diffusion of glucose into cells, sped conversion of glucose to glycogen, increase uptake of AA and increase protein synthesis, speed synthesis of fatty acids
  3. Blood glucose level falls
  4. If blood glucose continues to fall, insulin release inhibited
111
Q

Glucagon function/released by

A

Raises blood glucose level by accelerating glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and releasing glucose into blood

Alpha cells of pancreatic islets

112
Q

Insulin function/released by

A

Lower blood glucose levels by accelerating transport of glucose into cells, converting glucose into glycogen, decreasing glycogenolysis/gluconeogenesis

Increases lipogenesis and stimulates protein synthesis

Beta cells of pancreatic islets

113
Q

Somatostatin function/released by

A

Inhibits secretion of insulin and glucagon, slows absorption of nutrients form Gi tract

Delta cells of pancreatic islets

114
Q

Pancreatic polypeptide function/released by

A

Inhibits somatostatin secretion, gallbladder contraction, and secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes

F cells of pancreatic islets

115
Q

Estrogens and progesterone produced by

A

Ovaries

116
Q

Inhibin functions/released by

A

Females: inhibits secretion of FSH from ant pituitary (ovaries)

Males: inhibits secretion of FSH from ant pituitary (testes)

117
Q

Estrogens and progesterone functions/released by

A

With gonadotropic hormones of ant pituitary, regular female reproductive cycle, maintain pregnancy, prepare mammary glands for lactation, promote development/maintenance of breasts/hips

Ovaries

118
Q

Relaxin (RLX) function/released by

A

Increases flexibility of pubic symphysis during pregnancy, helps dilate uterine cervix during labor/delivery

Ovaries

119
Q

Where is the pineal gland

A

Attached to roof of 3rd ventricle of brain at midline

120
Q

Pinealocytes

A

Masses of neuroglia and secretory cells that the pineal gland consists of

121
Q

Melatonin function/released by

A

Contribute to setting of biological clock, promote sleepiness, may protect against damaging oxygen free radicals

Pineal gland

122
Q

Where is the thymus

A

Behind the sternum between the lungs

123
Q

What hormones are produced by the thymus (4) and the function

A

Thymosin, thymic humoral factor (THF), thymic factor, thymopoietin

Promote maturation of T cells (WBC that destroys microbes/foreign substances)
May retard aging process

124
Q

Cholecalciferol function/released by

A

Plays a role in the synthesis of calcitriol

Skin

125
Q

Gastrin function/produced by

A

Promotes secretion of gastric juice, increases movements of stomach

GI tract

126
Q

Glucose dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) function/released by

A

Stimulates release of insulin by pancreatic beta cells

GI tract

127
Q

Secretin function/released by

A

Stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice and bile

GI tract

128
Q

Cholecystokinin (CKK) function/released by

A

Stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice, regulate release of bile from gallbladder, causes feeling of fullness after eating

GI tract

129
Q

hCG function/produced by

A

Stimulated corpus luteum in ovary to continue production of estrogens and progesterone to maintain pregnancy

Placenta

130
Q

Estrogens/progesterones function/release by (not ovaries)

A

Maintain pregnancy help prepare mammary glands to secrete milk

Placenta

131
Q

Human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS) function/produced by

A

Stimulates development of mammary glands for lactation

132
Q

Renin function/produced by

A

Part of reaction sequence that raises blood pressure by bringing about vasoconstriction and secretion of aldosterone

Kidneys

133
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO) function/ produced by

A

Increases rate of RBC production

Kidneys

134
Q

Calcitriol function/produced by (not paraythyroid)

A

AIDS in absorption of dietary calcium and phosphorus

Kidneys (begins in skin, then liver, ends synthesis in kidneys)

135
Q

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) function/released by

A

Decreases BP

Heart

136
Q

Leptin function/produced by

A

Suppresses appetite, may increase FSH/LH activity

Adipose tissue

137
Q

Eicosanoids what/where/act as

A

Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes

Everywhere but RBC act as paracrines/autocrines

138
Q

Synthesis of Eicosanoids

A

Clipping a Arachidonic acid (20 C fatty acid) from membrane phospholipid molecules and add an enzyme

139
Q

Thromboxane (TX)

A

Modified prostaglandins that constricts BV and promotes platelet activation

140
Q

Growth factors

A

Horomones that play roles in tissue development growth and repair. Most act locally

141
Q

Prostaglandin function

A

Alter smooth muscle contraction, glandular secretion, blood flow; reproductive processes, platelet function, respiration, NI transmission, lipid metabolism, immune response

142
Q

Leukotriene function

A

Stimulate chemotaxis of WBC to mediate inflammation

143
Q

Eustress vs distress

A

Prepares us to meet challenges (helpful)

Harmful stress

144
Q

Stress response AKA

A

General adaptation syndrome (GAS)

145
Q

Stress response controlled by

A

Hypothalamus

146
Q

3 stages of stress response

A

Fight/lfight
Resistance
Exhaustion

147
Q

Resistance reaction

A

Initiated by CRH, GHRH, TRH

Helps body continue fighting a stressor long after fight or flight dissipates

148
Q

Exhaustion

A

Resources depleted

149
Q

Cortisol and stress

A

Provides resistance to stress/inflammation
Suppresses further production of interleukin-1 (stimulates ACTH secretion) to turn off stress response

Biol235 Quiz 4 (5 decks)

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