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Biol235 Quiz 4 > Chapter 17 > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Flashcards

1
Q

Olfactory epithelium (size,where,what cells)

A

Total area: 5cm^2

Superior part of nasal cavity covering surface of cribiform plate and extending along the superior nasal concha

Olfactory receptor/supporting/basal cells

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2
Q

Olfactory receptors cells
(1st order?, shape, how many total/functional types)

A

1st order neurons

Bipolar N with exposed knob shaped dendrite and an axon projecting through cribriform plate that ends in an olfactory bulb

10 million/400 functional types

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3
Q

Olfactory cilia (where, function)

A

Extends from olfactory receptor
Site of transduction (stimulus->GP)

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4
Q

Olfactory receptor proteins (where, function)

A

Within PM of olfactory cilia
Detect inhaled chemicals

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5
Q

Odorants

A

Chemicals that bind and stimulate the olfactory receptor in olfactory cilia

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6
Q

Olfactory Supporting cells (what/where, function)

A

Columnar epithelial cells of MM lining of nose

Provide physical support, nourishment, electrical insulation for O receptor and detoxify chemical that contact O epithelium

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7
Q

Basal cells (what/where, function)

A

Stem cells between bases of supporting cells
Undergo cell division continuously

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8
Q

How long do O receptors live for

A

2 months

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9
Q

Olfactory glands AKA?

A

Bowman’s glands

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10
Q

Olfactory glands (where, function)

A

Within CT supporting O epithelium

Produce mucus carried by ducts to moisten surface, dissolve for transduction

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11
Q

What are all O cells/glands innervated by

A

By psymp N within branches of facial (VII) nerve

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12
Q

What do impulses in the facial nerve also stimulate (also what stimulates them)

A

Stimulated by chemicals

Also stimulates lacrimal glands and nasal mucous glands (tears/runny nose)

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13
Q

Olfactory adaptation

A

Rapidly: about 50 percent in the first second but slowly after

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14
Q

5 taste types

A

Salty sour sweet bitter umami

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15
Q

What is salty

A

Na+

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16
Q

What is sour

A

H+

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17
Q

What is sweet

A

Sugars

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18
Q

What is bitter

A

Caffeine, morphine, quinine, poison, etc

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19
Q

What is umami

A

Amino acids

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20
Q

Taste buds (what, 3 cells)

A

Oval body consists of:
Supporting cells
Gustatory receptor cells
Basal cells

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21
Q

Gustatory receptor cells number

A

About 50

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22
Q

What projects through G receptor cells

A

G microvilli project though each GRC through taste pore

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23
Q

GRC lifespan

A

10 days

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24
Q

Papillae (what is in them, function, types)

A

Taste buds in these, increas SA and have rough texture

Vallate
Fungiform
Foliate
Filiform

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25
Q

Vallate/circumvallate papillae (number/size,where/#taste buds)

A

12 very large
Inverted V at back of tongue
100-300 taste buds

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26
Q

Fungiform papillae (shape, where, taste buds)

A

Mushroom shaped all over tongue
About 5

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27
Q

Foliate papillae (where, taste buds)

A

In small trenches on lat margins of tongue
Most TB degenerate in early childhood

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28
Q

Filiform Papillae (where, taste buds)

A

Entire tongue
Tactile receptors increase friction

NO TB

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29
Q

Tastents

A

Chemical that stimulate GRC

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30
Q

Gustatory pathway

A

Tastant dissolved = contact with PM of G microvilli (transduction) = demoralizing receptor potential= stimulates Exocytosis of synaptic vesicles from GRC = liberated NT molecules trigger GP = NI in 1st order that synapse with GRC

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31
Q

How does receptor potential arise for different tastants?

A

Na+/H+: enter GRC via Na+/H+ channels in PN= depolarization= NT release

Other: don’t enter GRC rather bind to receptors on PM linked to G proteins = activates enzymes that produce 2nd messenger = depolarization = NT release

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32
Q

Taste thresholds least to most

A

Bitter sour sweet/salty

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33
Q

Gustatory adaptation

A

Complete adaptation in 1-5 min of continuous stimulation

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34
Q

External outer ear parts

A

Auricle
External auditory canal
Eardrum

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35
Q

Auricle/pinna (what/parts)

A

Flap of elastic cartilage
Helix:rim
Lobule: inferior portion

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36
Q

External auditory canal

A

Curved tube 2.5 cm long in temporal bone

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37
Q

Tympanic membrane

A

Eardrum
Semitransparent partition between external auditory canal and middle ear

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38
Q

Ceruminous glands (where,secretion,function)

A

Specialized sweat glands in external auditory canal
Secrete cerumen
Prevent dust/foreign object entering ear, damage to skin by water/insects

39
Q

Middle ear (contains, function)

A

Three ossicles
Conveys sound vibrations to oval window

40
Q

What are the three ossicles

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

41
Q

Oval window (where, attached to)

A

In middle ear
Stapes fits into it

42
Q

Round window (where, enclosed by)

A

Below oval window in middle ear
Enclosed by secondary tympanic membrane

43
Q

Tensor tympani (what, what nerve, function)

A

Muscle attached to ossicles

Supplied by mandibular branch of trigeminal (V) nerve

Limits movement and increase tension on eardrum to prevent damage to inner ear from loud noises

44
Q

Stapedius (what, what nerve, function)

A

Muscle attached to ossicles (smallest muscle in body)

Supplied by facial (VII) nerve

Dampens large vibrations of stapes to protect oval window

45
Q

Auditory tube AKA

A

Pharyngotympanic tube
Eustachian tube

46
Q

Auditory/eustachian tube (where,function)

A

Connect middle ear with nasopharynx

Opens at medial end during yawning or swallowing for air flow so pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure

Pressure balanced=tympanic membrane vibrates freely as sound waves strike

47
Q

Internal ear AKA

A

Labyrinth

48
Q

Internal ear divisions

A

Outer bony labyrinth
Inner membranous labyrinth

49
Q

Bony labyrinth 3 areas

A

Semicircular canals
Vestibule
Cochlea

50
Q

Perilymph

A

Like cerebrospinal fluid
In bony labyrinth
Surrounds membranous labyrinth

51
Q

Membranous labyrinth (what,contains)

A

Series of epithelial sacs and tubes inside bony labyrinth
House receptors for hearing and equilibrium

52
Q

Endolymph (where, contains)

A

In membranous labyrinth
High potassium context

53
Q

Vestibule

A

Oval central portion of bony labyrinth

54
Q

Two sacs in membranous labyrinth vestibule

A

Utricle and saccule

55
Q

Semicircular canals

A

3 Project from vestibule
Ant,post,lat

56
Q

Ampulla

A

Swollen enlargement of semicircular canal end

57
Q

Semicircular ducts

A

Portions of membranous labyrinth inside bony semicircular canals

Connect with utricle of vestibule

58
Q

Vestibular branch of vestibullocochlear (VIII) nerves consists of

A

Ampullary, utricular and saccular nerves

59
Q

Cochlea (where, parts)

A

Ant to vestibule

Modiolus

Cochlear duct
Scala vestibuli
Scala tympani

60
Q

Modiolus

A

Central bony core of cochlea

61
Q

Cochlear duct

A

Continuation of membranous labyrinth into the chochlea

Filled with endolymph

62
Q

Scala vestibuli

A

Above cochlear duct
Ends at oval window

Filled with perilymph

63
Q

Scala tympani

A

Below cochlear duct ends at round window

Filled with perilymph

64
Q

Helicotrema

A

Opening at apex of cochlea connecting Scala vestibuli/tympani

65
Q

Vestibular membrane

A

Separates cochlear duct from Scala vestibuli

66
Q

Basilar membrane

A

Separate the cochlear duct from the Scala tympani

67
Q

Spiral organ AKA

A

Organ of corti

68
Q

Spiral organs (what and cells)

A

Coiled sheet of epithelial cells (supporting cells and hair cells)

Inner hair cells: single row
Outer hair cells: 3 rows

69
Q

Stereocilia

A

Hairlike microvilli At apical tip of each hair cell

70
Q

Vestibular ganglia vs spiral ganglia

A

Vestibular: cell bodies of sensory neurons of vestibular branch
Spiral: cells bodies of sensory neurons of cochlear branch

71
Q

Tectorial membrane

A

Flexible gelatinous membrane covering hair cells of spiral organs

72
Q

Inner vs outer hair cell function

A

Inner: hearing receptors
Outer: increase sensitivity of inner

73
Q

Sound waves (what, origin)

A

Alternating high and low pressure regions travelling in the same direction through some medium

Originate from vibrating object

74
Q

Frequency of a sound vibration is

A

It’s pitch

75
Q

Frequency heard most acutely by human vs entire audible range

A

500-5000 hertz
20-20 000 hertz

76
Q

Hertz

A

Unit of frequency
Hz
1Hz= one cycle per second

77
Q

Larger intensity (size of amplitude) of the vibration =

A

Louder sound

78
Q

Sound intensity measure in

A

Decibels (dB)

79
Q

Hearing threshold

A

Where sound is distinguish from silence
0dB at 1000Hz

80
Q

High frequency cause max vibrations where

A

Fast at base of cochlea

81
Q

Low frequency cause max vibrations where

A

Max vibrations at basilar membrane

82
Q

Vestibular apparatus (what,consists)

A

Reception organs for equilibrium

Consist of the utricle/saccule of vestibule plus semicircular ducts of semicircular canals

83
Q

Otolithic organs

A

Utricle and saccule

84
Q

Macula (what, function, cells)

A

Small thickened region of inner walls of otolithic organs

Contain receptors for linear acceleration/deceleration and head tilt

Has two cells: hair cells (SR) supporting cells

85
Q

Hair bundle

A

On hair cells

Stereocilia and one kinocilium

86
Q

What sits on top of otolithic organ hair cells

A

Otolithic membrane (glycoprotein layer)

87
Q

Otoliths (what, where)

A

Dense calcium carbonate crystals over otolithic membrane

88
Q

What way does the utricle macula sit and what movement does it detect

A

Horizontal

Front and back/ head tilt

89
Q

What way does the sacule macula sit and what movement does it detect

A

Vertical

Up and down

90
Q

What do semicircular ducts detect

A

Rotation acceleration/deceleration

Endolymph within ampulla lags behind due to inertia which moves hair cells

91
Q

Ampulla

A

Distal part of semicircular ducts

92
Q

Crista (where,what)

A

Small elevation of ampulla of semicircular ducts

Consists of hair cells/supporting cells and hair bundles

93
Q

Cupula

A

Gelatinous material covering crista of ampulla of semicircular ducts

Biol235 Quiz 4 (5 decks)

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