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Biol235 Quiz 4 > Chapter 17 > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Flashcards

1
Q

Olfactory epithelium (size,where,what cells)

A

Total area: 5cm^2

Superior part of nasal cavity covering surface of cribiform plate and extending along the superior nasal concha

Olfactory receptor/supporting/basal cells

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2
Q

Olfactory receptors cells
(1st order?, shape, how many total/functional types)

A

1st order neurons

Bipolar N with exposed knob shaped dendrite and an axon projecting through cribriform plate that ends in an olfactory bulb

10 million/400 functional types

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3
Q

Olfactory cilia (where, function)

A

Extends from olfactory receptor
Site of transduction (stimulus->GP)

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4
Q

Olfactory receptor proteins (where, function)

A

Within PM of olfactory cilia
Detect inhaled chemicals

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5
Q

Odorants

A

Chemicals that bind and stimulate the olfactory receptor in olfactory cilia

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6
Q

Olfactory Supporting cells (what/where, function)

A

Columnar epithelial cells of MM lining of nose

Provide physical support, nourishment, electrical insulation for O receptor and detoxify chemical that contact O epithelium

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7
Q

Basal cells (what/where, function)

A

Stem cells between bases of supporting cells
Undergo cell division continuously

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8
Q

How long do O receptors live for

A

2 months

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9
Q

Olfactory glands AKA?

A

Bowman’s glands

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10
Q

Olfactory glands (where, function)

A

Within CT supporting O epithelium

Produce mucus carried by ducts to moisten surface, dissolve for transduction

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11
Q

What are all O cells/glands innervated by

A

By psymp N within branches of facial (VII) nerve

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12
Q

What do impulses in the facial nerve also stimulate (also what stimulates them)

A

Stimulated by chemicals

Also stimulates lacrimal glands and nasal mucous glands (tears/runny nose)

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13
Q

Olfactory adaptation

A

Rapidly: about 50 percent in the first second but slowly after

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14
Q

5 taste types

A

Salty sour sweet bitter umami

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15
Q

What is salty

A

Na+

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16
Q

What is sour

A

H+

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17
Q

What is sweet

A

Sugars

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18
Q

What is bitter

A

Caffeine, morphine, quinine, poison, etc

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19
Q

What is umami

A

Amino acids

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20
Q

Taste buds (what, 3 cells)

A

Oval body consists of:
Supporting cells
Gustatory receptor cells
Basal cells

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21
Q

Gustatory receptor cells number

A

About 50

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22
Q

What projects through G receptor cells

A

G microvilli project though each GRC through taste pore

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23
Q

GRC lifespan

A

10 days

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24
Q

Papillae (what is in them, function, types)

A

Taste buds in these, increas SA and have rough texture

Vallate
Fungiform
Foliate
Filiform

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25
Vallate/circumvallate papillae (number/size,where/#taste buds)
12 very large Inverted V at back of tongue 100-300 taste buds
26
Fungiform papillae (shape, where, taste buds)
Mushroom shaped all over tongue About 5
27
Foliate papillae (where, taste buds)
In small trenches on lat margins of tongue Most TB degenerate in early childhood
28
Filiform Papillae (where, taste buds)
Entire tongue Tactile receptors increase friction NO TB
29
Tastents
Chemical that stimulate GRC
30
Gustatory pathway
Tastant dissolved = contact with PM of G microvilli (transduction) = demoralizing receptor potential= stimulates Exocytosis of synaptic vesicles from GRC = liberated NT molecules trigger GP = NI in 1st order that synapse with GRC
31
How does receptor potential arise for different tastants?
Na+/H+: enter GRC via Na+/H+ channels in PN= depolarization= NT release Other: don’t enter GRC rather bind to receptors on PM linked to G proteins = activates enzymes that produce 2nd messenger = depolarization = NT release
32
Taste thresholds least to most
Bitter sour sweet/salty
33
Gustatory adaptation
Complete adaptation in 1-5 min of continuous stimulation
34
External outer ear parts
Auricle External auditory canal Eardrum
35
Auricle/pinna (what/parts)
Flap of elastic cartilage Helix:rim Lobule: inferior portion
36
External auditory canal
Curved tube 2.5 cm long in temporal bone
37
Tympanic membrane
Eardrum Semitransparent partition between external auditory canal and middle ear
38
Ceruminous glands (where,secretion,function)
Specialized sweat glands in external auditory canal Secrete cerumen Prevent dust/foreign object entering ear, damage to skin by water/insects
39
Middle ear (contains, function)
Three ossicles Conveys sound vibrations to oval window
40
What are the three ossicles
Malleus Incus Stapes
41
Oval window (where, attached to)
In middle ear Stapes fits into it
42
Round window (where, enclosed by)
Below oval window in middle ear Enclosed by secondary tympanic membrane
43
Tensor tympani (what, what nerve, function)
Muscle attached to ossicles Supplied by mandibular branch of trigeminal (V) nerve Limits movement and increase tension on eardrum to prevent damage to inner ear from loud noises
44
Stapedius (what, what nerve, function)
Muscle attached to ossicles (smallest muscle in body) Supplied by facial (VII) nerve Dampens large vibrations of stapes to protect oval window
45
Auditory tube AKA
Pharyngotympanic tube Eustachian tube
46
Auditory/eustachian tube (where,function)
Connect middle ear with nasopharynx Opens at medial end during yawning or swallowing for air flow so pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure Pressure balanced=tympanic membrane vibrates freely as sound waves strike
47
Internal ear AKA
Labyrinth
48
Internal ear divisions
Outer bony labyrinth Inner membranous labyrinth
49
Bony labyrinth 3 areas
Semicircular canals Vestibule Cochlea
50
Perilymph
Like cerebrospinal fluid In bony labyrinth Surrounds membranous labyrinth
51
Membranous labyrinth (what,contains)
Series of epithelial sacs and tubes inside bony labyrinth House receptors for hearing and equilibrium
52
Endolymph (where, contains)
In membranous labyrinth High potassium context
53
Vestibule
Oval central portion of bony labyrinth
54
Two sacs in membranous labyrinth vestibule
Utricle and saccule
55
Semicircular canals
3 Project from vestibule Ant,post,lat
56
Ampulla
Swollen enlargement of semicircular canal end
57
Semicircular ducts
Portions of membranous labyrinth inside bony semicircular canals Connect with utricle of vestibule
58
Vestibular branch of vestibullocochlear (VIII) nerves consists of
Ampullary, utricular and saccular nerves
59
Cochlea (where, parts)
Ant to vestibule Modiolus Cochlear duct Scala vestibuli Scala tympani
60
Modiolus
Central bony core of cochlea
61
Cochlear duct
Continuation of membranous labyrinth into the chochlea Filled with endolymph
62
Scala vestibuli
Above cochlear duct Ends at oval window Filled with perilymph
63
Scala tympani
Below cochlear duct ends at round window Filled with perilymph
64
Helicotrema
Opening at apex of cochlea connecting Scala vestibuli/tympani
65
Vestibular membrane
Separates cochlear duct from Scala vestibuli
66
Basilar membrane
Separate the cochlear duct from the Scala tympani
67
Spiral organ AKA
Organ of corti
68
Spiral organs (what and cells)
Coiled sheet of epithelial cells (supporting cells and hair cells) Inner hair cells: single row Outer hair cells: 3 rows
69
Stereocilia
Hairlike microvilli At apical tip of each hair cell
70
Vestibular ganglia vs spiral ganglia
Vestibular: cell bodies of sensory neurons of vestibular branch Spiral: cells bodies of sensory neurons of cochlear branch
71
Tectorial membrane
Flexible gelatinous membrane covering hair cells of spiral organs
72
Inner vs outer hair cell function
Inner: hearing receptors Outer: increase sensitivity of inner
73
Sound waves (what, origin)
Alternating high and low pressure regions travelling in the same direction through some medium Originate from vibrating object
74
Frequency of a sound vibration is
It’s pitch
75
Frequency heard most acutely by human vs entire audible range
500-5000 hertz 20-20 000 hertz
76
Hertz
Unit of frequency Hz 1Hz= one cycle per second
77
Larger intensity (size of amplitude) of the vibration =
Louder sound
78
Sound intensity measure in
Decibels (dB)
79
Hearing threshold
Where sound is distinguish from silence 0dB at 1000Hz
80
High frequency cause max vibrations where
Fast at base of cochlea
81
Low frequency cause max vibrations where
Max vibrations at basilar membrane
82
Vestibular apparatus (what,consists)
Reception organs for equilibrium Consist of the utricle/saccule of vestibule plus semicircular ducts of semicircular canals
83
Otolithic organs
Utricle and saccule
84
Macula (what, function, cells)
Small thickened region of inner walls of otolithic organs Contain receptors for linear acceleration/deceleration and head tilt Has two cells: hair cells (SR) supporting cells
85
Hair bundle
On hair cells Stereocilia and one kinocilium
86
What sits on top of otolithic organ hair cells
Otolithic membrane (glycoprotein layer)
87
Otoliths (what, where)
Dense calcium carbonate crystals over otolithic membrane
88
What way does the utricle macula sit and what movement does it detect
Horizontal Front and back/ head tilt
89
What way does the sacule macula sit and what movement does it detect
Vertical Up and down
90
What do semicircular ducts detect
Rotation acceleration/deceleration Endolymph within ampulla lags behind due to inertia which moves hair cells
91
Ampulla
Distal part of semicircular ducts
92
Crista (where,what)
Small elevation of ampulla of semicircular ducts Consists of hair cells/supporting cells and hair bundles
93
Cupula
Gelatinous material covering crista of ampulla of semicircular ducts

Biol235 Quiz 4 (5 decks)

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