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Biol235 Quiz 4 > Chapter 16 > Flashcards

Chapter 16 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the indirect pathways

A

Rubrospinal
Tectospinal
Vestibulospinal
Lat/med reticulospinal

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2
Q

Rubrospinal pathway

A

Indirect
Convey NI from red nucleus to contralateral SM for precise voluntary movement of distal upper limbs

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3
Q

Tectospinal pathway

A

Indirect
Convey NI from superior colliculus to contralateral SM for reflexive movement of head/eyes

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4
Q

Vestibulospinal pathway

A

Indirect
Convey NI from vestibular nucleus to ipsilateral SM of trunk/proximal limbs for posture/balance during head movements

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5
Q

Lateral/medial reticulospinal

A

Indirect
Convey NI from reticular formation to ipsilateral SM of trunk/proximal limbs for posture/tone during body movements

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6
Q

Direct pathways

A

Lateral corticospinal pathway
Anterior corticospinal pathway
Corticobulbar pathway

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7
Q

Lateral corticospinal pathway

A

Direct
Convert NI from motor cortex to SM on opp side for precise movement of distal limbs
Provide input to LMNs of SM

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8
Q

Anterior Corticospinal Pathway

A

Direct
Convert NI from motor cortex to SM on opposite side for movements of trunk/proximal limbs
Provide input to LMNs of SM

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9
Q

Corticobulbar Pathway

A

Direct
Convey NI from motor cortex to SM of head/neck
Input to LMN in nuclei of III,IV,V,VI,VII,VIII,IX,X,XI,XII

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10
Q

Sensation definition

A

Conscious/subconscious awareness of changes in internal/external enviro

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11
Q

Perception def/when

A

Sensory info reaches cerebral cortex = consciously aware = perception

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12
Q

Sensory modality

A

Each unique type of sensation

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13
Q

What are the general senses

A

Somatic (tactile thermal pain proprioceptive)
Visceral (pressure, nausea, hunger)

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14
Q

Process of sensation

A

Stimulation of sensory receptor
Transduction of stimulus
Generation of NI
Integration of SI

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15
Q

Separate cells that synapse with 1st order SN

A

Hair cells
Gustatory cells
Photoreceptors

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16
Q

Free nerve endings of 1st order SN

A

Bare dendrites
Pain temp tickle itch some touch

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17
Q

Encapsulated nerve endings of 1st order SN

A

CT capsule
Pressure vibration some touch

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18
Q

Corpuscles of touch (Meissner corpuscles)

A

Rapid
Onset of touch/low F vibrations
Capsule surrounds dendrites in dermal papillae in hairless skin

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19
Q

Hair root plexuses

A

Rapid
Movement disturbing hairs
Free nerve endings around hair follicles

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20
Q

Type 1 cutaneous mechanoreceptors (tactile discs)

A

Slow
Continuous touch/pressure
Saucer shaped free nerve endings make contact with tactile epithelial cells in epidermis

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21
Q

Type II cutaneous mechanoreceptors (Ruffini corpuscles)

A

Slow
Skin stretching/pressure
Elongated capsule surrounds dendrites deep in dermis and in ligaments/tendons

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22
Q

Lamellated (pacinian) corpuscles

A

Rapid
Oval layers capsule surround dendrites in dermis/subcutaneous, submucosal, joint, periosteum, viscera
High F vibrations

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23
Q

Itch/tickle receptor

A

Slow and rapid
Free nerve ending in skin/MM

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24
Q

Warm cold receptors

A

Rapid then slow
Free nerve endings in skin/MM of mouth, vagina, anus

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25
Q

Nociceptors

A

Slow
Pain
Free nerve endings everywhere but brain

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26
Q

Muscle spindles

A

Slow
Muscle length
Sensory nerves endings wrap around central area of encapsulated intrafusal muscle fibers in most SM

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27
Q

Tendon organs

A

Slow
Muscle tension
Capsule enclosed collagen fibers and sensory nerve endings at junction of tendon/muscle

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28
Q

Joint kinaesthetic receptors

A

Rapid
Joint position/ movement
Lamellated corpuscles, type II CM, tendon organs, free never endings

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29
Q

Posterior column medial lemniscus pathway to CC

A

Touch pressure vibration proprioception

Upper limbs/trunk neck posterior head: ended cervical SC

Lower limbs/trunk: enter lumbar SC

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30
Q

Anterolateral (spinothalamic) pathway to CC

A

Pain temp itch tickle from limbs trunk neck posterior head

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31
Q

Trigeminothalamic pathway to CC

A

Touch presssure vibration itch tickle thermal pain from face nasal/oral cavity teeth

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32
Q

Anterior and posterior spinocerebellar pathways to CC

A

NI from proprioceptors in trunk/lower limb to ipsilateral cerebellum to inform of actual movement to coordinate smooth and refine skilled movement and matins posture/balance

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33
Q

Sensory homunculus

A

High number sensory receptors= larger area of somatosensory area

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34
Q

What is a LMN

A

Motor neurons that extend outside the CNS to inervate SM, extend through cranial(face/head)/spinal(limbs/trunk) nerves

Cell bodies in lower CNS (SC/brainstem

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35
Q

Interactive neural circuits that provide input to LMNs

A

Local circuit neurons
UMNs
Basal nuclei neurons
Cerebellar neurons

36
Q

Local circuit neurons

A

Located near LMN cell bodies

Receive I from somatic sensory receptors/higher centers in brain

Coordinate rhythmic activity in muscle groups (walking)

37
Q

UMNs

A

Most synapse with local circuit neurons->LMNs, others directly

Originate in motor centers of brainstem

Regulate posture, balance, muscle tone, reflexes movements of head/trunk

38
Q

Basal nuclei neurons

A

Provide I to UMNs

Connect with motor areas of CC/brainstem

Initiate/terminate movements, suppress unwanted movements, establish normal muscle tone

39
Q

Cerebellar neurons

A

Control activity of UMNs

Connect with motor areas of CC/brainstem

Monitor intended vs performed movement then commands UMNs to reduce errors (coordinate movement maintain posture/balance)

40
Q

Cerebral cortex 2 areas

A

Premotor area
Primary motor area

41
Q

Premotor area

A

CC
Where motor plan developed
Stores info about learned motor activities

42
Q

Primary motor area

A

CC
Execution of voluntary movements
Controls muscles by forming descending pathways that extend to SC/brainstem
Has motor homunculus

43
Q

Motor homunculus

A

Thumb fingers lips tongue and vocal cords (large representation) trunk (smaller)

44
Q

Brainstem parts

A

Vestibular nuclei
Reticular formation
Superior colliculus
Red nucleus

45
Q

Vestibular nuclei

A

Brainstem
Receive neural I from vestibular (VIII) nerve regarding state of equilibrium and neural I from cerebellum

VN generate AP along axons of Vestibulospinal tract->conveys signals to SM of trunk/proximal parts of limbs to contract and maintain posture

46
Q

Reticular formation

A

Brainstem

Receive I from ears eyes cerebellum basal nuclei…

Generate AP along Medial reticulospinal tract (excited SM) and lateral reticulospinal tract (inhibits SM)

Regulate muscle tone during ongoing movements

47
Q

Superior colliculus

A

Brainstem

Receive I from eyes/ears when sudden I, superior Colliculus produces AP along Tectospinal tract to activate SM in head/trunk to turn toward stimulus

Integrating center for saccades (jerking eye movements when looking at different points in visual field)

48
Q

Red nucleus

A

Brainstem

Recieve I from Cc/cerebellum generate AP along Rubrospinal tract->activate SM of distal upper limbs

Recall: lat corticospinal activates SM of distal upper and lower limbs

49
Q

Basal nuclei

A

Initiation of movements
Suppression of unwanted movement
Regulation of muscle tone
Regulation of non motor processes (sensory limbic cognitive linguistic)

50
Q

Cerebellum

A

Monitor initiations for movement
Monitoring actual movement
Comparing command signals with sensory info
Sending out corrective feedback

51
Q

Integration

A

Processing of sensory information by analyzing and storing it and making decisions for various activities

52
Q

Integrative functions

A

Cerebral activities such as sleep/wakefulness, learning and memory, and language

53
Q

Circadian rythym (what/established by)

A

24 hour sleep wake cycle

Established but the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus

54
Q

Reticular activating system

A

Portion of reticular formation

When stimulated->arousal, smell can’t stimulate it

55
Q

Arousal

A

Awakening from sleep, involves increased activity in RAS=activated=activated CC

56
Q

Consciousness

A

State of wakefullness

57
Q

Sleep

A

Altered consciousness or partial unconsciousness
NREM and REM

Can be aroused

58
Q

NREM induced by

A

Sleep centers in the hypothalamus and basal forebrain

59
Q

REM induced by

A

Sleep centers in the pond and midbrain

60
Q

Coma

A

Unconsciousness with little to no response to stimuli

61
Q

Persistent vegetative state

A

Few weeks in coma, normal sleep cycles but no awareness may smile laugh cry

62
Q

Learning (def plus types)

A

Ability to acquire new information or skills through instruction or experience

Associative
Nonassociative

63
Q

Associative learning

A

Occurs when connection made between two stimuli (Pavlov’s law)

64
Q

Nonassociative learning (two types)

A

Occurs when repeated exposure to stimulus changes in behaviour

Habituation: irrelevant stimulus’s causes decreased response (jumping at loud noise but after couple time no reaction)

Sensitization: noxious stimulus increases behavioural response (painful stimuli of limb causes more vigorous flexor reflex)

65
Q

Memory

A

Process by which info acquired by learning is stored/retrieved

66
Q

Declarative (explicit) memory (what, consciousness recall?, stored)

A

Memory of experiences that can be verbalized

Requires conscious recall and stored in association areas of Cc

67
Q

Procedural (implicit) memory (what, conscious recall?, stored)

A

Memory of motor skills procedures rules (bike riding dance step)

Conscious recall not required and store in basal nuclei cerebellum and Premotor area

68
Q

Short term memory

A

Seconds to minutes

Electrical and chemical events

69
Q

Long term memory

A

Days to years

Structural changes at synapses

70
Q

Memory consolidation

A

Process by which short term is transferred into long term

Hippocampus stores new long term declarative memory before transferring to appropriate CC area

71
Q

Long term potentiation (LTP)

A

Persistent increase in synaptic strength following high frequency stimulation of a chemical synapse

72
Q

Language areas

A

Usually present in Left cerebral hemisphere

Wernickes
Brocas

73
Q

Wernickes areas

A

Temporal lobe

Interprets meanings of written/spoken words (words to thoughts)

Received I from primary visual/auditory areas

74
Q

Broca’s area

A

Motor area in frontal lobe

Translate thoughts to speech

Receive I from Wernickes area ->brocas->primary motor area

75
Q

NREM stage 1

A

between wakefulness and sleep
1-7 min
Relaxed eyes closed fleeting thoughts

76
Q

NREM stage 2

A

Light sleep (first true sleep)
Easily awaken
Fragment dreams
Eyes may roll

77
Q

NREM Stage 3

A

Moderately deep sleep
Body temp/BP drops
20min after falling asleep

78
Q

NREM sleep 4

A

Deepest sleep
Brain metabolism/body temperature/muscle tone slightly drops
Reflexes intact
Difficult to awaken

79
Q

REM Sleep also known as

A

Paradoxical sleep

80
Q

REM

A

High neuronal activity
Brain blood flow/oxygen use higher than when awake
Most difficult to awaken
HR/RR/BP increase
Somatic MN decreases = less muscle tone

81
Q

NREM vs REM dreams

A

Most dreams during REM

NREM: less emotional/vivid more logical

REM: increase visual association area/limbic system decreases prefrontal cortex (reasoning)

82
Q

Sleep cycle

A

NREM 1-4 in 45 mins -> NREM 4-1 in 45 mins -> REM

4-5 cycles a night

83
Q

How long does REM sleep last

A

Starts as 10-20 minutes ends as 50 minutes

84
Q

Percentage of REM sleep in total sleep

A

Babies 50
2 year old 35
Adults 25

85
Q

Plasticity with learning.

A

Changes in individual neurons and in strength of synaptic connections among neurons

86
Q

Fast pain NI travel along

A

Medium diameter myelinated a fibers

87
Q

Slow pain NI travels along

A

Small diameter unmyelinated c fibers

Biol235 Quiz 4 (5 decks)

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