Chapter 17: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Imbalances Flashcards
Substances whose molecules dissociate into ions when placed in water.
electrolytes
Cations are __________ charged.
positively
Anions are _________ charged.
negatively
ICF prevalent cation is:
A. K+
B. PO43-
C. Na+
D. CL-
A. K+
ECF prevalent cation is:
A. K+
B. PO43-
C. Na+
D. CL-
C. Na+
ICF prevalent anion is:
A. K+
B. PO43-
C. Na+
D. CL-
B. PO43-
ECF prevalent anion is:
A. K+
B. PO43-
C. Na+
D. CL-
D. CL-
What is the body primarily composed of?
A. blood
B. water
C. tissue
D. bone
B. water
T/F
Lean body mass has a lower percentage of water weight.
false; a higher percentage
T/F
Fat tissue has a lesser percentage of water weight.
true
inside the cells
intracellular space
spaces between cells
extracellular space
bicarbonate range
22-26 mEq/L
chloride range
98-106 mEq/L
phosphate range
3.0-4.5 mg/dL
calcium range
9.0-10.5 mg/dL
magnesium range
1.3-2.1 mEq/L
potassium range
3.5-5.0 mEq/L
sodium range
136-145 mEq/L
Capillary hydrostatic pressure and interstitial oncotic pressure move water __________ of the capillaries.
out
Plasma oncotic pressure and interstitial hydrostatic pressure move fluid __________ the capillaries.
into
T/F
If capillary or interstitial pressure changes, fluid may abnormally shift from one compartment to another.
true
Edema occurs if venous hydrostatic pressure __________, plasma oncotic pressure __________, or interstitial oncotic pressure __________.
A. increases, decreases, increases
B. decreased, decreases, increased
C. increases, increases, decreases
D. decreases, increases, increases
A. increases, decreases, increases
Edema is swelling of the __________ space.
interstitial
term used to describe the distribution of body water
fluid spacing
describes the normal distribution of fluid in ICF and ECF compartments
A. first spacing
B. second spacing
C. third spacing
A. first spacing
refers to an abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid (i.e., edema)
A. first spacing
B. second spacing
C. third spacing
B. second spacing
occurs when excess fluid collects in the nonfunctional area between the cells
A. first spacing
B. second spacing
C. third spacing
C. third spacing
__________ can occur with abdominal body fluid loss, inadequate fluid intake, or a shift from plasma to interstitial fluid.
A. hypernatremia
B. hyponatremia
C. fluid volume deficit
D. fluid volume excess
C. fluid volume deficit
T/F
Fluid volume deficit and dehydration are the same thing.
false
For rapid fluid replacement, __________ is preferred.
A. 45% isotonic
B. lactated ringers
C. 33% sodium chloride
D. 0.9% sodium chloride
D. 0.9% sodium chloride
__________ fluid volume excess may result from excess fluid intake, abnormal fluid retention, or a shift from interstitial fluid into plasma fluid.
A. hypernatremia
B. hyponatremia
C. fluid volume deficit
D. fluid volume excess
D. fluid volume excess
What is the most consistent manifestation of fluid volume excess?
A. mood swings
B. weight gain
C. abdominal cramping
D. lightheadedness
B. weight gain
T/F
Many prescription drugs can cause fluid imbalance.
true
The patient with a fluid volume deficit often has __________ BUN, sodium, and hematocrit levels with _________ plasma and urine osmolarity.
increased ; increased
The patient with fluid volume excess will have __________ BUN, sodium, and hematocrit levels, with __________ plasma and urine osmolarity.
decreased ; decreased
What does the serum sodium level reflect?
A. the amount of sodium in the body
B. the amount of sodium being excreted in the body
C. the ratio of sodium to water
D. the ratio of sodium and water to platelets and RBC
C. the ratio of sodium to water
Sodium imbalances are typically associated with imbalances in __________ volume.
A. ECF
B. ICF
C. ETC
D. ITF
A. ECF
How does sodium leave the body?
through urine, sweat, and feces
The __________ mainly regulates sodium balance.
A. liver
B. kidneys
C. heart
D. large intestine
B. kidneys
high serum sodium
hypernatremia
T/F
Hyponatremia causes hyperosmolarity.
false; hypernatremia
The primary protection against our developing hyperosmolarity is __________.
A. vision
B. cerebrum
C. thirst
D. tactile receptors
C. thirst
__________ of brain cells results in changes in mental status, ranging from drowsiness, restlessness, confusion, and lethargy to seizures and coma.
dehydration
Serum sodium levels should not decrease by more than 8-15 mEq/L in an __________ hour period.
A. 5
B. 6
C. 7
D. 8
D. 8
Do not decrease serum sodium levels by more than __________ mEq/L in an 8-hour period.
A. 8-15
B. 22-26
C. 3-9
D. 1-4
A. 8-15
low serum sodium
hyponatremia
T/F
Inappropriate use of sodium-free or hypotonic IV fluids causes hyponatremia from water excess.
true
Where do the manifestations of hyponatremia FIRST appear?
in the CNS
Mild or severe hyponatremia?
headache, irritability, and difficulty concentrating
mild hyponatremia
Mild or severe hyponatremia?
confusion, vomiting, seizures, and even coma
severe hyponatremia
In mild hyponatremia caused by water excess, __________ may be the only treatment.
fluid restriction
__________ is given IV to hospitalized patients with severe hyponatremia from water excess.
conivaptan (Vapriol)
__________ is given orally to treat hyponatremia from heart failure or SIADH.
tolvaptan (Samsca)
98% of the body __________ is inside the cells
potassium
What helps stimulate the sodium-potassium pump?
insulin
_________ is involved with regulating intracellular osmolarity and promoting cellular growth; it is required for glycogen to be deposited in muscle and liver cells.
potassium
__________ is the main source for potassium.
diet
What is the primary route for potassium loss?
the kidneys
high serum potassium
hyperkalemia
__________ may result from impaired renal excretion, a shift of potassium from ICF to ECF, a massive intake of potassium, or a combination of these factors
hyperkalemia
Adrenal insufficiency with subsequent aldosterone deficiency leads to __________.
potassium retention
In __________, potassium ions shift from ICF to ECF in exchange for hydrogen ions moving into the cell.
A. metabolic acidosis
B. metabolic alkalosis
C. respiratory acidosis
D. respiratory alkalosis
A. metabolic acidosis
initial finding of hyperkalemia on a cardiac rhythm
tall, peaked T-waves
As potassium __________, cardiac depolarization __________.
increases ; decreases
T/F
Low and high potassium is very dangerous for CV patients.
true
hyperkalemia or hypokalemia
ECG changes → tall, peaked T waves, as K+ increases, cardiac depolarization decreases, leading to loss of P waves, a prolonged PR interval, ST segment depression, and widening QRS complex
hyperkalemia
T/F
The hyperkalemia patient does not need continuous ECG monitoring.
false
Patients experiencing dangerous cardiac dysrhythmias should receive __________ immediately.
IV calcium
low serum potassium
hypokalemia
__________ can result from an increased loss of potassium, an increased shift of potassium from ECF to ICF, or, rarely, from decreased dietary intake.
hypokalemia
__________ can cause a shift of potassium into cells in exchange for hydrogen, which lowers potassium in ECF.
alkalosis
hyperkalemia or hypokalemia
clinical manifestations → constipation/nausea/paralytic ileus, fatigue, hyperglycemia, irregular/weak pulse, muscles soft/flabby, muscle weakness/leg cramps, paresthesias/decreased reflexes, shallow respirations
hypokalemia
hyperkalemia or hypokalemia
ECG changes → impaired repolarization, resulting in a flattened T wave, depressed ST segment, and the presence of a U wave
hypokalemia
T/F
Hypokalemia impairs insulin secretion
true
Potassium IV infusion Infusion rates should not exceed __________ mEq/hr unless monitored closely.
10
__________ is the main cation in bones and teeth.
calcium
__________ plays a role in blood clotting, transmission of nerve impulses, myocardial contractions, and muscle contractions.
calcium
What is the main source for calcium?
dietary intake
calcium absorption requires the active form of __________
vitamin D
T/F
Serum pH influences how much calcium is ionized or bound to albumin.
true
high serum calcium
hypercalcemia
T/F
Total calcium values increase or decrease indirectly with serum albumin levels.
false; directly
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin regulate __________ levels.
calcium
__________ is caused by hyperparathyroidism in about 2/3 of persons.
hypercalcemia
hypocalcemia or hypercalcemia
rare causes → thiazide diuretic use, prolonged immobilization, and increased calcium intake (use of calcium-containing antacids)
hypercalcemia
hypocalcemia or hypercalcemia
neurological manifestations → fatigue, lethargy, weakness, and confusion and progress to hallucinations, seizures, and coma
hypercalcemia
hypocalcemia or hypercalcemia
manifestations → increased BP, bone pain/fractures, confusion/psychosis, fatigue/lethargy/weakness/ depressed reflexes, decreased memory, kidney stones, nausea/vomiting/anorexia, polyuria/dehydration, seizures
hypercalcemia
hypocalcemia or hypercalcemia
ECG changes → short ST segment, short QT interval, ventricular dysthymias, increased digitalis effect
hypercalcemia
mild or severe hypercalcemia
interventions → stop any medications r/t hypercalcemia, start diet low in calcium, increase weight-bearing activity, maintain adequate hydration
mild hypercalcemia
mild or severe hypercalcemia
interventions
- Administer saline, a bisphosphonate, and calcitonin
- Hydrate patient with IV isotonic saline to maintain urine output of 100-150 mL/hour
severe hypercalcemia
hypocalcemia or hypercalcemia
manifestations → decreased BP, Chvostek sign, confusion/depression/irritability. fatigue/weakness, hyperreflexia/muscle cramps, laryngeal and bronchial spasms, numbness and tingling in extremities and around mouth, tetany/seizures, Trousseau sign
hypocalcemia
hypocalcemia or hypercalcemia
ECG changes → elongated ST segment, prolonged QT interval, ventricular tachycardia
hypocalcemia
low serum sodium
hypocalcemia
results from any condition associated with PTH deficiency
hypocalcemia
__________ are the major route for phosphate excretion.
kidneys
T/F
Phosphate imbalances are common in chemotherapy patients.
false; dialysis patients
high serum phosphate
hyperphosphatemia
common in patients with acute kidney injury or chronic kidney disease
hyperphosphatemia
Excess phosphate intake from
Shift from ICF to ECF
Hypoparathyroidism
Vitamin D intoxication
hyperphosphatemia
hyperphosphatemia or hypophosphatemia
causes → excess ingestion, hyperthermia, hypoparathyroidism, renal failure, rhabdomyolysis, sickle cell, thyrotoxicosis
hyperphosphatemia
hyperphosphatemia or hypophosphatemia
manifestations → hyperreflexia/muscle cramps, hypocalcemia, numbness and tingling in extremities and around mouth, tetany/seizure
hyperphosphatemia
hyperphosphatemia or hypophosphatemia
causes → chronic alcohol use, chronic diarrhea, DKA, malabsorption syndrome, hyperparathyroidism, parenteral nutrition, respiratory alkalosis
hypophosphatemia
hyperphosphatemia or hypophosphatemia
manifestations → CNS depression, heart problems, muscle weakness, seizures, rhabdomyolysis, osteomalacia
hypophosphatemia
mild or severe hyperphosphatemia
interventions → restrict dietary intake of foods and fluids high in phosphorus (dairy products)
mild
mild or severe hyperphosphatemia
interventions
- Hemodialysis used to rapidly decrease levels
- Volume expansion and forced diuresis with a loop diuretic may increase phosphate excretion
severe
__________ is used to fix hyperphosphatemia
calcium carbonate
low serum potassium
hypophosphatemia
Decreased intestinal absorption
Increased urinary excretion
ECF to ICF shifts
hypophosphatemia
mild or severe hypophosphatemia
often asymptomatic
mild
mild or severe hypophosphatemia
fatal because of decreased cellular function
severe
alters bone metabolism, resulting in rickets and osteomalacia
chronic hypophosphatemia
T/F
Always give magnesium using an infusion pump.
true
- second most abundant intracellular cation
- is important for cellular processes
- cofactor in many enzyme systems
magnesium
high serum magnesium level
hypermagnesemia
occurs only with increased magnesium intake accompanied by renal insufficiency or failure
hypermagnesemia
hypomagnesmia tratment
magnesium sulfate
low serum magnesium level
hypomagnesemia
hypermagnesemia or hypomagnesemia
causes → adrenal insufficiency, antacids/laxatives, hypothyroidism, IV administration of magnesium, metastatic bone disease, renal failure
hypermagnesemia
hypermagnesemia or hypomagnesemia
causes → acute pancreatitis, chronic alcohol use, GI tract fluid losses, hyperglycemia, malabsorption syndrome, prolonged malnutrition, PP inhibitor therapy, increased urine output
hypomagnesemia
hypermagnesemia or hypomagnesemia
manifestations → decreased deep tendon reflexes, flushed/warm skin, lethargy/drowsiness, nausea/vomiting, muscle weakness, decreased HR and BP, urinary retention
hypermagnesemia
hypermagnesemia or hypomagnesemia
manifestations → Chvostek and Trousseau signs, confusion, hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, muscle cramps, increased BP and HR, tremors/seizures, vertigo
hypomagnesemia
An increase in H+ concentration leads to __________.
acidity
A decrease in H+ concentration leads to __________.
alkalinity
Name this acid-base imbalance based on the causes.
atelectasis
chest wall abnormality
chronic respiratory disease
mechanical hypoventilation
respiratory acidosis
Name this acid-base imbalance based on the causes.
severe pneumonia
pulmonary edema
respiratory muscle weakness
sedative overdose
respiratory acidosis
Name this acid-base imbalance based on the laboratory findings.
↓ plasma pH
↑ PaCO2 normal
respiratory acidosis
Name this acid-base imbalance based on the causes.
hyperventilation
liver failure
mechanical hyperventilation
stimulated respiratory center
respiratory alkalosis
Name this acid-base imbalance based on the causes.
DKA
diarrhea
GI fistulas
lactic acidosis
metabolic acidosis
Name this acid-base imbalance based on the causes.
renal failure
renal tubular acidosis
shock
starvation
metabolic acidosis
Name this acid-base imbalance based on the causes.
diuretic therapy
excess NaHCO3 intake
hypokalemia
metabolic alkalosis
Name this acid-base imbalance based on the causes.
mineralocorticoid use
NG suctioning
vomiting
metabolic alkalosis
pH range
7.35-7.45
PaCO2 range
35-45 mm Hg
PaO2 range
80-100 mm Hg
Name this acid-base imbalance.
pH is ↑ and the PaCO2 is ↓
respiratory alkalosis
Name this acid-base imbalance.
pH is ↓ and the PaCO2 is ↑
respiratory acidosis
Name this acid-base imbalance.
pH and HCO3 are ↑ and the PaCO2 is ↑ or normal
metabolic alkalosis
Name this acid-base imbalance.
pH and HCO3 and ↓ and the PaCO2 is ↓ or normal
metabolic acidosis
During the postoperative care of a 76-ear-old patient, the nurse monitors the patient’s intake and output carefully, knowing that the patient is at risk for fluid and electrolyte imbalances primarily because
A. older adults have an impaired thirst mechanism and need reminding to drink fluids
B. older adults are more likely than younger adults to lose extracellular fluid during surgeries
C. water accounts for a greater percentage of body weight in the older adult than in younger adults
D. small losses or fluid are significant because body fluids account for 45% to 50% of body weight in older adults
D. small losses or fluid are significant because body fluids account for 45% to 50% of body weight in older adults
During administration of a hypertonic IV solution, the mechanism involved in equalizing the fluid concentration between ECF and the cells is (recognize)
A. osmosis
B. diffusion
C. active transport
D. facilitated diffusion
A. osmosis
An older adult is admitted to the medical unit with GI bleeding. Assessment findings that occur with fluid volume deficit include: (SATA)
A. weight loss
B. dry oral mucosa
C. full bounding pulse
D. engorged neck veins
E. orthostatic
A. weight loss
B. dry oral mucosa
E. orthostatic
The nursing care for a patient with hyponatremia and fluid volume excess includes:
A. administration of hypotonic IV fluids
B. administration of a cation-exchange resin
C. placement of an indwelling urinary catheter
D. fluid restriction
D. fluid restriction
The nurse should be alert for which manifestation in a patient receiving a loop diuretic?
A.restlessness and agitation
B. paresthesias and irritability
C. weak, irregular pulse and poor muscle tone
D. increased blood pressure and muscle spasms
C. weak, irregular pulse and poor muscle tone
Which patient is at greatest risk for developing hypermagnesmia?
A. 83-year-old man with lung cancer and hypertension
B. 65-year-old woman with hypertension taking B-adrenergic blockers
C. 42-year-old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus and renal failure
D. 50-year-old man with benign prostatic hyperplasia and a UTI
C. 42-year-old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus and renal failure
It is important for the nurse to assess for which manifestation(s) in a patient who has just undergone a total thyroidectomy? (SATA)
A. confusion
B. weight gain
C. depressed reflexes
D. circumoral numbness
E. positive Chvestek sign
A. confusion
D. circumoral numbness
E. positive Chvestek sign
The nurse expects the long-term treatment of a patient with hyperphosphatemia from renal failure will include:
A. fluid restriction
B. calcium supplements
C. magnesium supplements
D. increased intake of dairy products
B. calcium supplements
The lungs act as an acid-base buffer by:
A. increasing respiratory rate and depth when CO2 levels in the blood are high, reducing acid load
B. increasing respiratory rate and depth when CO2 levels in the blood are low, reducing base load
C. decreasing respiratory rate and depth when CO2 levels in the blood are high, reducing acid load
D. decreasing respiratory rate and depth when CO2 levels in the blood are low, reducing acid load
A. increasing respiratory rate and depth when CO2 levels in the blood are high, reducing acid load
A patient has the following arterial blood gas results: pH 7.52, PaCO2, 30 mm Hg, HCO3 24 mEq/L. The nurse demonstrates that these results indicate
A. metabolic acidosis
B. metabolic alkalosis
C. respiratory acidosis
D. respiratory alkalosis
D. respiratory alkalosis
The typical fluid replacement for the patient with a fluid volume deficit is
A. dextran
B. 0.45% saline
C. lactated Ringer’s solution
D. 5% dextrose in 0.45% saline
C. lactated Ringer’s solution
sodium serum level
> 145 mEq/L
hypernatremia
serum sodium level
< 136 mEq/L
hyponatremia
serum potassium level
> 5.0 mEq/L
hyperkalemia
serum potassium level
< 3.5 mEq/L
hypokalemia
serum calcium level
> 10.5 mg/dL
hypercalcemia
serum calcium level < 9.0 mg/dL
hypocalcemia
serum phosphate level
> 4.5 mg/dL
hyperphosphatemia
serum phosphate level
< 3.0 mg/dL
hypophosphatemia
serum magnesium level
> 2.1 mEq/L
hypermagnesemia
serum magnesium level
< 1.3 mEq/L
hypomagnesemia
Examples of insensible fluid loss:
A. blood
B. perspiration
C. nasogastric drainage
D. third spacing
E. wound drainage
B. perspiration
D. third spacing
The nurse is caring for a client with an electrolyte imbalance. Which should the nurse consider as contributing to this client’s health problem? (SATA)
A. vomiting
B. constipation
C. medications
D. imaging studies
E. cosmetic procedures
A. vomiting
C. medications
Upon assessment of a client in renal failure, the nurse observes a mental status change with hyperactive deep tendon reflexes. She inflates the blood pressure cuff to a level above his systolic pressure for 3 minutes and Trousseau’s sign is positive. The nurse recognizes this as which electrolyte imbalance?
A. hypermagnesemia
B. hypomagnesemia
C. hypercalcemia
D. hypocalcemia
D. hypocalcemia
The nurse is caring for a client with acute digoxin toxicity. Serial electrocardiograms have been performed and the client is placed on continuous cardiac monitoring for which electrolyte disturbance?
A. hypomagnesemia
B. hypercalcemia
C. hyperkalemia
D. hypokalemia
C. hyperkalemia
A person who has gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and overuses calcium carbonate tablets would be at risk for which acid-base disorder?
A. respiratory acidosis
B. respiratory alkalosis
C. metabolic acidosis
D. metabolic alkalosis
D. metabolic alkalosis
The nurse is caring for a bulimic client who abuses laxatives. The nurse will monitor the client for which acid-base illness?
A. metabolic alkalosis
B. metabolic acidosis
C. repsitaory alkalosis
D. respiratory acidosis
B. metabolic acidosis
A nurse is caring for a nulligravida preoperative C-section client who reports tingling of the fingers. Lab studies reveal pH 7.46, PCO2 31. Which action by the nurse is most appropriate?
A. administer oxygen and reposition the client in the semi-Fowler’s position
B. instruct the client to deep breath and cough, and utilize incentive spirometry
C. plan rest periods to maximize client’s energy along with appropriate activities
D. provide a paper bag to rebreathe into for the client, as well as reassurance
D. provide a paper bag to rebreathe into for the client, as well as reassurance
A client is admitted to the ER with confusion, restlessness, and diaphoresis. Lab studies reveal pH 7.1, PCO2 48, and a potassium of 5.6. Which acid-base balance disorder does the data collected indicate?
A. respiratory acidosis
B. respiratory alkalosis
C. metabolic acidosis
D. metabolic alkalosis
A. respiratory acidosis
A nurse is caring for a postoperative hemicolectomy client undergoing continuous suction for postoperative ileus. Which information from the client’s medical history should the nurse question?
A. the client is taking lisinopril/hydrochlorothiazide for hypertension
B. the client has a past medical history of exacerbation of COPD
C. the client is a diabetic on sliding-scale insulin
D. the client is a diabetic on hemodialysis therapy
A. the client is taking lisinopril/hydrochlorothiazide for hypertension
A nurse is assessing a client who reports nausea, vomiting, and weakness. Which of the following findings are manifestations of fluid volume deficit? (SATA)
A. potassium level
B. urine specific gravity
C. heart rate
D. temperature
E. oxygen saturation
B. urine specific gravity
C. heart rate
D. temperature
A nurse is planning care for a client who has fluid volume excess. Which of the following interventions should the nurse include in the plan of care? (SATA)
A. check the client’s weight 2 times per weeks
B. place the client in a semi-Fowler’s position
C. monitor the client’s breath sounds
D. change the client’s position every 4 hours
E. assess the client for peripheral edema
B. place the client in a semi-Fowler’s position
C. monitor the client’s breath sounds
E. assess the client for peripheral edema
A nurse is teaching a class about electrolyte imbalances. The nurse should include that which of the following conditions places a client at risk for hyperkalemia?
A. DKA
B. HF
C. Cushing’s syndrome
D. thyroidectomy
A. DKA
hypoactive bowel sounds
hyponatremia with
tall, peaked t-waves
hypocalcemia
positive Trousseau’s sign
hyperkalemia
bounding pulse
hypokalemia
The nurse is assessing the client for Chvostek’s sign. Which of the following actions should the nurse take?
A. apply a BP cuff to the client’s arm
B. place a stethoscope bell over the client’s carotid artery
C. ask the client to lower their chin to their chest
D. tap lightly on the client’s cheek
D. tap lightly on the client’s cheek
The nurse is assessing the client who reports nausea, vomiting, and weakness. Which of the following findings are manifestations of hypocalcemia?
A. tingling in fingers
B. poor skin turgor
C. abdominal pain
D. elevated temperature
E. muscle twitching
A. tingling in fingers
C. abdominal pain
E. muscle twitching
A nurse is caring for a client who was in a motor vehicle accident and reports chest pain and difficulty breathing. A chest x-ray reveals the client has a pneumothorax. Which of the following ABG results should the nurse expect?
A. pH 7.25, PaCO2 52 mm Hg, HCO3- 24 mEq/L
B. pH 7.42, PaCO2 38 mm Hg, HCO3- 23 mEq/L
C. pH 7.30, PaCO2 36 mm Hg, MCO3- 18 mEq/L
D. pH 7.50, PaCO2 29 mmHg, MCO3- 26 mEq/L
B. pH 7.42, PaCO2 38 mm Hg, HCO3- 23 mEq/L
pH 7.30, PaCO2 48 mm Hg, HCO3- 26 mEq/L
A. respiratory alkalosis
B. metabolic alkalosis
C. respiratory acidosis
D. metabolic acidosis
C. respiratory acidosis
pH 7.50, PaCO2 28 mm Hg, HCO3- 24 mEq/L
A. respiratory alkalosis
B. metabolic alkalosis
C. respiratory acidosis
D. metabolic acidosis
A. respiratory alkalosis
pH 7.32, PaCO2 35 mm Hg, HCO3- 18 mEq/L
A. respiratory alkalosis
B. metabolic alkalosis
C. respiratory acidosis
D. metabolic acidosis
D. metabolic acidosis
pH 7.50, PaCO2 38 mm Hg, HCO3- 30 mEq/L
A. respiratory alkalosis
B. metabolic alkalosis
C. respiratory acidosis
D. metabolic acidosis
B. metabolic alkalosis
A nurse is teaching a group of nurses about conditions what can cause metabolic acidosis. Which of the following conditions should the nurse include?
A. DKA
B. myasthenia gravis
C. asthma
D. laxative overuse
A. DKA
fluid volume deficit or fluid volume excess
sunken eyeballs
poor skin turgor
fever
fluid volume deficit
fluid volume deficit or fluid volume excess
bounding pulse
crackles heard in lung fields
distended neck veins
fluid volume excess
