chapter 17 - beyond the family context: peers, schools, and media

Question 1

extrafamilial influences

Answer 1

social agencies outside of the family that influence a childs development

Question 2

what are the three important extrafamilial influences

Answer 2

• peers
• schools
• media

Question 3

who is a peer

Answer 3

two or more people who are
- same age or social equals
- operating at similar levels of behavioural complexity
- people of different ages can be peers as long as they can act equal

Question 4

sociability

Answer 4

willingness to interact with others and seek their attention/approval

Question 5

development of sociability in infants and toddlers

Answer 5

• little interaction at first
• coordinated interactions at 18 months
• complementary role taking at 24 months

Question 6

nonsocial activity in the preschool years

Answer 6

watch others play or play alone

Question 7

onlooker play in the preschool years

Answer 7

watch others play and don’t join

Question 8

parallel play in preschool years

Answer 8

play next to each other without interacting

Question 9

associative play in preschool years

Answer 9

sharing toys but focused on their own play

Question 10

cooperative play in preschool years

Answer 10

play together, take turns, collaborate

Question 11

peers as agents of socialization in middle childhood

Answer 11

• cooperative forms of complex pretend play
• games with rules
• peer groups emerge

Question 12

parental influence on peer contacts

Answer 12

• can foster or inhibit peer contact
• neighbourhood of residence
• daycare, playmate choices
• direct vs indirect monitoring of preschoolers
• authoritative vs authoritarian practices

Question 13

what is sociability affected by

Answer 13

temperament and contextual factors

Question 14

what sociometric techniques are used to measure peer acceptance

Answer 14

• self report surveys
• nominations of liked, disliked peers
• usually correspond to teacher assessments

Question 15

how can children be classified based on peer nominations

Answer 15

• popular (liked by peers)
• rejected (disliked by many, liked by a few)
• neglected (not liked/disliked, feel invisible)
• controversial (liked by many, disliked by many)

Question 16

what do peer groups promote

Answer 16

norms

Question 17

what is a norm

Answer 17

group-defined rules for behaviour

Question 18

factors influencing peer nominations

Answer 18

• parenting style (warm, supportive = positive peer nomination)
• temperament (shy, emotional, outgoing = less peer nomination)
• cognitive skills (problem solving, social understanding)
• social behaviour (respectful and helpful = positive peer nomination. bullying, teasing, aggression = negative peer nomination)

Question 19

how is friendship defined

Answer 19

• close relationship between two people characterized by loyalty and mutual affection

Question 20

advantages to having friends

Answer 20

• security and social support
• practice resolving conflicts
• preperation for adult love relationships

Question 21

how to improve the social skills of unpopular children

Answer 21

• reinforcement and modelling therapies
• cognitive social-skills training
• academic skills training

Question 22

explanation for achievement gap in schools

Answer 22

• classroom instruction
• parental involvement
• intergenerational support
• student involvement
• strong emphasis on effort

Question 23

determinants of effective schools

Answer 23

• composition of the student body
• school climate

Question 24

scholastic atmosphere of successful schools

Answer 24

• academic emphasis
• challenging, developmentally appropriate curricula
• classroom management
• discipline
• teamwork

Question 25

media literacy

Answer 25

ability to understand how information is represented and conveyed in media

Question 26

effects of watching media violence and playing violent video games

Answer 26

• increase in aggressive behaviour, thoughts, feelings
• effects extend into adulthood
• link between viewing violence and aggression is reciprocal
• controversy over whether competitive element or violent content at issue in video games

Question 27

negative impacts of media violence

Answer 27

• mean world beliefs (thinking the world is scary and violent)
• desensitization hypothesis (used to violence so they dont get shocked or upset

Question 28

effects of screen media

Answer 28

the “notel” study
- reductions in creativity and reading skills
- declines in community involvement
- increase in aggression and gender stereotyping

Question 29

how to reduce harmful effects of media

Answer 29

• limit TV viewing, especially violent TV
• encourage appropriate viewing
• explain what the child is seeing
• model good viewing habits
• deal with the effects of advertising
• parent authoritatively

Question 30

advantages of media technologies on child development

Answer 30

• computers in the classroom provide benefits for cognitive skills and academic achievement
• the internet also provides access to sources of social communication
• facetime and skype allow geographically seperated family and friends to stay connected

Question 31

disadvantages of media technologies on child development

Answer 31

• the internet exposes children to inappropriate adult content, cyberbullying, pornography, and solicitation
• “internet addiction”